130 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 



male scale smaller than female, elongate, slightly convex, and greenish 

 white. Viviparous, young born June- July. One brood a year. 



Nymphs. — Female scales nearly full grown by autumn, and winter 

 as such. Mature early in spring. 



Control. — A 20-25 per cent, kerosene emulsion or miscible oil ap- 

 plied in dormant seasons destroys the hibernating females, or flour- 

 lime sulphur just before the young migrate to the leaves. Coccophagus 

 sp., a chalcid, is an important parasite. 



Cottony Maple Scale (Fulvinaria vitis L.). — Occasionally becomes a 

 serious pest of shade trees, such as the soft maple, box-elder, bass- 

 wood, etc. 



Adult. — Conspicuous on account of the cotton-like waxy masses 

 projecting from beneath the brown scale of the female. Female scale 

 "elliptical, convex on the back with a low rounded median ridge; pale 

 green or whitish yellow, marked with black or brown." Male insect 

 winged, with two long caudal filaments, and long antennae. 



Eggs. — Minute, oval, pale yellowish; enclosed in the secretion of 

 waxy threads; about 3000 eggs laid by each female, in June and July. 



Nymphs. — At first active and crawling, with six legs; later they 

 settle and secrete a thin waxy covering on their backs. Females 

 fertilized by the males in late summer. In autumn they migrate from 

 leaves to twigs where they remain all winter. 



Parasites. — Coccophagus lecanii Sm., C. flavoscutellum Ashm. — 

 chalcids. 



Control. — Spray in early spring with Black Leaf 40 and whale-oil 

 soap. 



Golden Oak Scale {Asterolecanium variolosufn Ratz). — A small, 

 yellow, round, convex scale often coating twigs of oak. The nymphs 

 appear in May- June. 



Cottony Grass Scale (Eriopeltis festuccgFonsc). — Often abundant 

 on stems of grasses in the maritime provinces; forming conspicuous 

 compact oval tufts of cotton wool, the egg-sacs. The eggs hatch in 

 spring and the scales become full grown in July. Toward the end of 

 July the eggs are laid in the cottony sacs. 



Elm Bark -louse (Gossyparia spuria Modeer). — The females are dark 

 red, bordered with white wax; }{q inch long; arranged irregularly along 

 cracks or fissures in the bark of trunks or Hmbs. The young appear 

 in late June or early July and settle along the mid-veins of the leaves 



