60 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



jiiiiiiitivc species of Adelocephala hij^h and of equal size. In Anisota but a single pair of dtn-sal 

 niesotlioraeic horns, and the caudal horn is represented by two small separate tubercles. 



In color and armature protected by their resemblance to the color of the foliage and spines of 

 the spiny plants on which the more primitive species feed. 



In stage I the V)ody bears no glandular hairs, and the thoracic horns and caudal horn in all 

 except Anisota are enormously long- and end in a mure or less bulbous knoli, which gives rise to 

 two rod-like seta?. 



Pupa. — The head is unusually full and rounded, overhanging the mouth-region and. the pupa 

 being subterranean, is not provided with an}- large protuberances; the mouth parts present no 

 vestigial characters: the maxillae vary in length, the two together in Adelocephala and Anisota. 

 whose imagines have nearly aborted tongues Vjeing scarcely longer than broad: abdominal sutures 

 dc('i)iy impressed. The armature consists of small sharp spines, either on the head between the 

 antenna' or on the prothorax, and elsewhere on the thorax. Metathoracic segment with a basal 

 transverse irregular ridge on each side: the cremaster is very long, flattened, and deeply forked, 

 or in Citheronia it may be nearly atrophied and functionless: the a))dominal segments usually 

 with two rows of fine sharp spines, but in Citheronia the segments are smooth. The surface of 

 the body difl^ers in degree of rugosity, either being deeply puuctui-ed or (Citheronia) nearly 

 smooth. 



The pupa\ then, of this group are recognized Ity the full rounded head-region and the 

 unusually long, forked, flat cremaster. 



Hixtiimj of the (J roup. — As observed by Walsh, the group Ceratocampina?, as here understood, 

 was first established as a distinct and exclusive American family by Doctor Harris, "but has 

 been somewhat unnaturalh- united with Saturniada? by succeeding authors," referring to Harris, 

 himself (Inj. Ins., p. 398), and to Morris. He adds that "Doctor Clemens has beautifully shown 

 that it difl'ers from Saturniadie, not only in the characters laid down by Doctor Harris, but also in 

 having the subcosto-inferior nervule of the front wing simple and not furcate. (Proc. Ent. 

 Soc. Phil., i, p. 177.) In other words, in Ceratocampadte the subcostal vein sends ofl" toward its 

 tip three branches or sectors which are all simple: i'l Saturniida\ the middle one of these three 

 sectors, instead of rising directlv from the subcostal vein, rises from the basal sector or branch, 

 thus making that basal sector appear furcate." (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix. Feb.. 1864, 

 p. 2it(i. footnote.) 



By Crrote (List Lep., 1808) the name Ceratocampiniu was proposed for the Ceratocampidic 

 of Harris and the present author, Grote then regarding it as a subfamily of Bombycida\ 



The name Ceratocampina' was also given to the group by J. B. Smith in 18S(). it being by 

 him regarded as a suljfamily of Saturniidie. 



It received the family name Citheroniid;e from Dyar in 189(1, who proposed that name on 

 account of the generic name Ceratocampa being a synonym: in 1902 the same author restored 

 the more fitting name Ceratocampidi^. In 1901 (Psyche, ix, p. 280), however, we showed that 

 it is a sutjdivision of the now more comprehensive family group for which we would use the 

 name Ceratocampidae. 



As it now stands the family Ceratocampidte of the older authors, Harris and others, has been 

 found to be a subdivision of a much more extensive group of family, and possibly superfamilj- 

 rank. The family Ceratocampida* as I have enlarged it, and as described in the foregoing pages, 

 difl'ers in i^\f^., larval, pupal, and adult characters from either tlie Hemileucidte or the Satiirniida'. 

 None of the members are spinners, but when about to transform the larva enters the earth, the 

 pu[)a being subterranean, its cremaster being a large stout spine. 



To this extensive; family group belong the great moths of central and soutliern Africa 

 (Afrogica), which have hitherto been regarded as true Saturniida-. For example, Nudaurelia. of 

 which there are about twenty species, and which, until separated by Kothschild. were confounded 

 with the .\siatic getuis Antherani, is in its larval, pupal, and imaginal characters closely allied to 

 our American Ceratocampina'. This is also the case with Gi/nanim isin, etc. 



As the result of prolonged study of the venation, and what little we know of the larval and 

 pupal characters, it is necessary to remove many, indeed most, of the African genera heretofore 



