138 



FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. 



of the Cynipidae are complete. They pass through four stages — viz., 

 egg, larva, pupa, and imago (fig. 129). 



The egg (fig. 129, a) is pyriform, with one end elongated, terminat- 

 ing as a prolonged penduncle. Adler supposed the function of this 

 organism to be respiratory, it having long peduncles when deeply 

 embedded and difficult of access to oxygen, and shorter when access 

 is easy. 



The eggs of the Cynipid.T are often laid in winter, thus contrasting 



^^ 



of Cmiips. (Copied from Adler and 



Stratton.) 

 b Larva of Cynips. 

 Pupa of Cynips. 

 d Gall-fly, Teras tcrmhudh (oak-apple). 



Male. (From photograph.) 



e Ovipo.sitor of Ncurotcrus hnticularis. 



(From camera-lucida sketch.) 

 / Wiug of Spathegaster baccarum. (From 



photograph.) 

 (J Antenna, of Spathegaster baccarum. (From 



camera-lucida sketch.) 



with the eggs of many species of saw-flies, which are deposited when 

 nature is active. There are other interesting points about the eggs 

 which will be considered later on. 



The larvae are white, footless, and fleshy grubs, with thirteen 

 segments (fig. 129, h). There is considerable diversity of time regard- 

 ing the larval stage. 



In appearance the pupae are similar to the larvae, and some organs 

 of the perfect insect are discernible. Fig. 129, c. 



