334 FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. 



be found that some of the scales will soon appear perforated, and the 

 case swarming with small Hymenopterous parasites. Hence, prob- 

 ably, the harmony of colour in the early stage was a means of 

 protection against natural enemies. 



The salient characters of the sub-family Lecaniinae, according to 

 ^Newstead,^ are: "Adult females either naked or covered with secre- 

 tion, forming a test or ovisac. Abdomen in all stages with a more or 

 less defined cleft, and on the dorsal surface at the base of the cleft 

 are two more or less triangular lobes or plates. Legs and antennae 

 generally retained, but a few forms are apodous, and have rudimen- 

 tary antennae. Mentum generally monomerous or dimerous. Males 

 generally possessing wings, either with or without caudal filaments. 

 The puparium of the male is generally of a glassy nature. 



"Larvae with large setiferous anal lobes, placed within the posterior 

 anal cleft." 



Synopsis of Genera (arboreal). 



A. Females naked. Ovisac behind and partly heneafh the posterior 



extremity of the body .... Pulvinaria. 



B. Females naked — no ovisac. 



(a) Females retaining legs and antennae. Old adults hollow 

 beneath ...... Lecanium. 



(h) Females without antennae and legs ; body with two internal 

 pouches ...... Physokermes. 



Genius Pulvinaria. 



The male scale of this important genus cannot be separated from 

 the male scales of the genus Lecanium or " brown scale." In the 

 younger stages we cannot distinguish the female scales of the one 

 genus from the other. The adult species are, however, quite distinct. 

 We may define the adult female Lecanium as a brown scale proper, 

 and the adult female Pulvinaria as a brown scale with a white ovisac 

 attached to the scale itself, and extending behind and beneath the 

 insect proper. 



Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) 



The specific name of this species would suggest that it may be 

 looked for only in the vinery. Such, however, is not invariably the 

 1 Vol. ii. p. 5. 



