108 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



^ Lymantrla monaclia Linneeus. 

 (Nun Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) 



Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, poplar, oak, maple, linden, hazel, willow, pine, spruce, 

 mountain ash, buckthorn, bvmch cherry, spindle tree, hornbeam, larch, white spruce. 



Injury: Attacks the foliage of many trees and is sometimes very serious. As the 

 eggs are said to be laid under the bark, it is very likely to be shipped in nursery stock. 



Description and biology: Moth, with forewings white, with strong notched black 

 lines; hind wings grayish white; fringe flecked with black; abdomen reddish with 

 black bands. Larvse brown with six blue and red warts on dorsum; on second seg-. 

 ment a black, blue, and white spot; three last segments' flecked with black; 4-5 cm. 

 long. The species is quite variable in color. The larva is polyphagous, attacking 

 foliage; the larvae are gregarious and feed within a web. 



Distribution: Europe. Specimens were collected at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1902. 



SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 379-380. 



NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. .346-368, figs. 



291-298. 



Porthesia slmilis Fuessly. 



(The Swan Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) 



Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, hornbeam, linden, mountain ash, maple, oak, willow, rose. 



Injury: General defoliator. Liable to importation in the larval stage on the bark 

 of nursery stock. 



Description and biology: Moth, white with a few black spots on inner mai^n of fore- 

 wing; abdomen clad with golden yellow hairs. Larva black, clothed with grayish- 

 black hairs. The larvse feed singly on foliage and hibernate singly under bark, etc. 

 The eggs are laid in a mass on undersides of leaves and covered with yellow hairs 

 from the moth. Pupation occurs in a thin white silken cocoon. 

 Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, pp. 102, 103. 

 SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 382. 



Pbalera bucephala Linnaeus. 



(Buff Tip Moth; Moon Spot Moth. Notodontidse; Lepidoptera.) 



Hosts: Deciduous fruits; cobs, filberts, nuts, birch, beech, elm, rose, poplar, willow, 

 Unden, oak, alder. 



Injury: Defohates plants when abundant. 



Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 62-70 mm.; forewings ash gray with 

 a transverse streak of reddish brown near base and another of dark brown near apex. 

 of wing, marked at tip with a large pale buff or ochraceous lunular spot. Larva about 

 50 mm. long when grown; the ground color dark yellow, with a broad dark stripe 

 down the back; along each side are three black lines interrupted with yellow or 

 orange rings. Eggs very convex, flat beneath, pearly white, with a basal green band 

 and dark spot on apex. The insect spends the winter as a pupa in the soil, moths 

 appearing in spring, ovipositing on undersurface of twigs or on foliage. 



Distribution: Europe, except Polar region, Siberia, etc. 

 Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 292. 



SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 387, fig. 245. 

 NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 323, 324, 



fig. 276. 



FKUITS. 



BETTER KNOWN GENERAL FRUIT-TBEE INSECTS. 



Under this heading are grouped a number of very important insects which attack 

 many different kinds of fruits, especially the fruit flies. 



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