INSECTS OF TURNIP, VIBURNUM, AND WALNUT. 219 



Description and biology: Adult metallic green, sometimes with a bluish shimmer; 

 sides parallel, head and apex rounded, legs dark brown; fore tibiae lighter, small 

 externally saw-toothed; body 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Larva yellowish 

 white, head dark; mandibles with darker apex and a double row of short teeth; length 

 4.5 mm. During the first week in June the beetles may be found in numbers in 

 blossoms, apparently feeding on tlie pollen. The eggs are deposited within the 

 unopened buds. The larvae feed in the buds and flowers and cause stunting and 

 shriveling. Pupation takes place in earthen cells. 



Distribution: Europe. 

 SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 474, figs. 



288-289. 

 Ormerod, E. a. Fifteenth Report Injurious Insects, London 1892, p. 96, fig. (adult). 



Trlchocera liiemalis. 



(Winter Turnip Gnat. Mycetophilidse; Diptera.) 



Hosts: Turnip, cabbage. 



Injury: Is found in connection with injury to roots of these crops, especially where 

 a fungus disease known as "club," "anbury," etc., is present. There is a possibility 

 that the gnat might be concerned in the spread of the fungus. 



Distribution: England. 

 Ormerod, E. A. Sixteenth Rept. Injurious Insects, 1892, pp. 147, 148. 



Athalia spinarum Fabricius. 



(Turnip Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) 



Hosts Crucifers, turnips, beets, etc. 

 Injury: Defoliates. 



Biology: Eggs laid in the leaves. Larvx feed on the leaves. Pujiates in earthen 

 cocoon. 



Jablonowski. Tier. Feinde d. Zuckerriibe, pp. 298-303, fig. 60. 



VIBURNUM. 



( Viburnum spp. Family Caprifoliaceae.) 



. Ornamental shrubs, including the black haw, the snowball, laurustinus, and many 

 other desirable garden plants. Tliey occur in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and 

 Java. 



IMPORTANT VIBURNUM INSECTS. 



HEMIPTERA. 

 Coccidse : 



Armored — 



^Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) persese Comstock; Mexico, England (Kew Gardens), Florida. 



Aspidiotus spinosusComstocii; Italy; Viburnum tinus. 



ChioTMspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe. 



Parlatoria myrtus Maskell; South Australia. 



Chionapsis (Phenacaspis) cugenix Maskell; Australia, China, Japan, Ceylon, Hawaii. 

 Unarmored — 

 ^Lichtensia viburiii Signoret; France, England, Wales, Massachusetts. 



Pseudococcus viburni Signoret; France, Maritime Alps. 



Solenococcus muratne Kuwana; Japan. 



WALNUT AND BUTTERNUT. 



(Juglans spp. Family Juglandaceae.) 



Hardy nut-bearing trees of Europe, Asia, and America. The nuts are all edible. 

 The trees are valuable for shade and the wood is very valuable for furniture. The 

 husks of the nuts are sometimes used for medicinal purposes or for tanning. 



