FAMILY TORTRICIDM 215 



In the following spring they finish their growth, pupating 

 and issuing as moths in the latter part of May or early part 

 of June. If the grass land is plowed and another crop put 

 on it, especially corn, the crop may suffer very severely. 

 The remedy is to plow the ground early enough in autumn 

 to prevent egg deposition. If plowed in the spring, it should 

 be plowed early. They are attracted very generally to light 

 and trap-lights in fields ought to be very useful. In Iowa, 

 where ground squirrels (13-striped squirrels) are' common, it 

 was noticed that the pupae of these sod worms are eaten by 

 the squirrels. They are also parasitized, and this would 

 perhaps help to keep them reduced in numbers. 



A species with a remarkably different food habit li\es on 

 the maple scale (scale insects) Coccid-eating. 



Family Tortricidse. — This family includes the leaf-rollers 

 and bud moths. These are characterized by a broatl form of 

 the wing and are distinctly opposed to the slender, narrow 

 wings of the Crambus. The costa is very strongly curved. 

 The mouth parts are not Very conspicuous; head small. The 

 larvae are mainly leaf-rollers and inhabitants of the buds 

 of diflFerent kinds of plants. These forms have several 

 injurious species. Cacaesia roseana is quite common and 

 troublesome to florists and rose growers. The insects 

 appear very early in the season. The larvse begin to work 

 soon after the leaves have begun to unfold. The leaves will 

 be tied together and the larvae work within this protection 

 and eat away the tissues of the leaf. In some cases they 

 burrow into the opening buds and destroy the blossoms. 

 They attain their growth rather rapidly and form a chrys- 

 alis often in the leaves they have tied together and from 

 this the moth issues. 



Codling Moth. — The worst pest in the group is the codling 

 moth (Carpocapsa pomoneUa). This causes enormous 

 losses to the orchard industry; millions of dollars being 

 lost each year. Its life history is well known and can be 

 found in almost any work on orchard insects, but stated 

 briefly, consists in a spring brood of insects appearing and 

 laying eggs shortly after apple bloom, a first brood of larvae 



