Appendix 



[The following article came too late to be inserted in its regular 

 place in the body of the work.] 



The Anatomy of the Bee 



BY R. E. SNODGKASS 

 of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 



The three parts of the body of the bee are 

 well separated by constrictions. The head 

 carries the eyes, antennae, and mouth parts; 

 the thorax, the wings and legs ; and the ab- 

 domen, the wax-gland and sting. 



The head is flattened and triangular, being 

 widest crosswise through the ui»per corners, 

 which are capped by the large compound 

 eyes. It carries the avtennce, or feelers, on 

 the middle of the face (Fig. 2, A, Ant) ; the 

 large compound eyes [U) laterally; three 

 small simple eyes or ocelli (O), at the top of 

 the face, and the mouth parts [Md, Mx, and 

 Lb) ventrally. Each antenna consists of a 

 long basal joint and of a series of small ones 

 hanging downward from the end of the first. 

 The antennae are very sensitive to touch, 

 and contain the organs of smell. At the 

 lower edge of the face is a loose flap (Fig. 2, 

 A, Lm) forming an upper lip called the la- 

 hrum. On its under surface is a small soft 

 lobe called the ipipharnyx on which are lo- 

 cated the organs of taste. At the sides of 

 the labrum are the two heavy jaws, or mandi- 

 bles [Md), which work sidewise. They are 

 spoon-shaped at their ends in the worker, 

 but sharp-pointed and toothed in the queen 

 and drone. Those of the queen are largest, 

 those of the drone smallest. Behind the 

 labrum and the mandibles is a bunch of long 

 appendages, usually folded back beneath 

 the head, which together constitute the pro- 

 boscis (Fig. 2, A, Prb). These organs corre- 

 spond with the second pair of jaws, or maz- 

 ilUe., a.iid the lower lip, or labium, ot other 

 insects. In Fig. 2 they are cut off a short 

 distance from their bases, but are shown 

 detached from the head and flattened out in 

 Fig. 3, D. The middle series of pieces [Hmt- 

 i6i) constitutes the labium, the two lateral 

 series [Cd-Mx) the maxillse. The labium 



consists of a basal submentum (Smt), and a 

 mentum (Mt), which supports distally the 

 slender, flexible, tongue-like glossa [Gls), the 

 two delicate paraglossce (Pgl), and the two 

 lateral, jointed labial palpi {Lb Pip). Each 

 maxilla is composed of a basal stalk, the 

 cardo [Cd) ; a main plate, the stipes [St), and 

 a wide terminal blade ( Mx) called the galea. 

 At the base of the galea is a rudimentary 

 maxillary palpus [MxPlp), representing a 

 part which in most insects consists of sev- 

 eral slender joints. 



As before stated, the parts of the maxillae 

 and the labium together constitute the pro- 

 boscis, which, as shown in Fig. 2, B, is sus- 

 pended from a deep cavity [PrbFs) on the 

 lower part of the back of the head having a 

 membranous floor. The basal stalks [Cd) of 

 the maxillae are hinged to knobs on the sides 

 of this cavity, while the labium is attached 

 to the maxillary stalks by means of a flex- 

 ible band called the lormn (Fig. 3, D, Lr). 



When the bee wishes to suck up any liq- 

 uid, especially a thick liquid like honey or 

 syrup, provided in considerable quantity, 

 the terminal lobes of the labium and max- 

 illae are pressed close together so as to make 

 a tube between them. The labiiim is then 

 moved back and forth between the maxillae 

 with a pump-like motion produced by mus- 

 cles within the liead. This brings the liquid 

 up to the mouth, which is situated above 

 the base of the proboscis, between the man- 

 dibles and beneath the labium. The food is 

 probably then taken into the mouth by a 

 sucking action of the pharnyx produced by 

 its muscles. 



A more delicate apparatus is probably 

 necessary, however, for sucking up minute 

 drops of nectar from the bottom of a flower. 

 Such a structure is provided within the 



