292 MANUAL OF VEGETABLE-GARDEN INSECTS 



References 



Third Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., pp. 89-156. 1883. Bihliogra-phy. 



N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 39. 1896. 



Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. 1897. 



Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 137. 1908. 



Neb. State Ent. Bull. 1, pp. 41-48. 1913. 



Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 376. 1916. 



Davis and Satterthwait, Jour. Agr. Research, 6, pp. 799-812. 1916. 



The Fall Army- Worm 



Laphygma frugipcrda Smith and Abbot 



The range of the fall army-worm extends from Canada 

 southward through Central America and the West Indies to 

 Argentina, it being most injurious in the warmer parts of its 

 range. It is called the fall army-worm because in the United 

 States it usually appears in armies later in tl)e season than the 

 true army-worm. Destructive outbreaks have been recorded 

 from Nebraska to Indiana and southward in the Mississippi 

 Valley and in the Gulf states to Georgia. Along the Atlantic 

 Coast outbreaks of lesser importance have been reported as 

 far north as Connecticut. Its favorite food plants are certain 

 grasses and in the South it is known as the grass-worm. When 

 abundant and migrating it becomes a general feeder. Serious 

 injury to the following crops has been reported : rice, teosinte, 

 kaffir corn, millet, cowpea, chick-pea, velvet bean, clover, 

 corn, alfalfa, oats, rye, barley, cotton, tobacco, strawberry, 

 sweet potato, spinach, cabbage, tomato, potato, cucumber 

 and turnip. It also occasionally climbs trees and has been 

 recorded as injuring orange, peach and apple. 



Normally hibernation takes place in the pupal stage, at least 

 in the northern part of its range. It is quite probable, however, 

 that in the South the larvse and moths may also hibernate. In 

 southern Nebraska the moths emerge in late May and June. 

 They have an expanse of li inches. The front wings are dull 



