DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES 121 



in Musca domestica, according to Shircore (1916), who recorded eggs of 

 this species in flies in British East Africa. The cercaria stage is passed 

 in a snail. 



Nemathelminthes : Nematoda : Spiruridae 



Hahronema muscae (Carter) Diesing, a STOMACH WORM OF 

 HORSES, passes its earlier stages in Musca domestica, according to Ran- 

 som (1913). Either the egg or first-stage larva is ingested by the fly 

 larva breeding in horse manure. Development goes on within the fly 

 larva and pupa, the last stage being found in the proboscis of the adult 

 ^y. It passes to horses through the swallowing of infested flies and 

 probably may also leave tlie proboscis of the fly wliile the insect is feeding 

 on the mucous membranes of the horse. 



Van Saceghem (1917, 1918) placed flies bred from larvae fed on 

 infected manure, on skin lesions of a horse and produced infections of 

 EQUINE GRANULAR DERMATITIS, caused by the presence of 

 Habronema larvje in the skin. 



Hahronema microstoma (Schneider) Ransom and H. megastoma 

 (Rudolphi) Seurat have also been shown to pass their developmental 

 stages in Musca domestica. (See Chapter V.) 



NemathelmintJiLes : Nematoda: Ascaridae 



Ascaris lumhricoides Linnaeus, the cause of HUMAN ASCARIASIS, 

 does not require an intermediate host. Stiles in 1889 fed Musca domestica 

 larva? on female Ascaris and later found the eggs in diff'erent stages of 

 development in both larvae and adult flies (Graham-Smith, 1913). Shir- 

 core (1916) in British East Africa found the eggs in the intestines of 

 Musca domestica in nature. Nicholls (1912) in St. Lucia found the 

 eggs in the abdomens of flies, Borborus punctipennis Macquart {Limo- 

 sina), taken at fecal matter. (See Chapter V.) 



Nemathelmvnthes: Nematoda: Oxyuridae 



Oxyuris Curvula Rudolphi, the EQUINE PINWORM, is recorded 

 by Patton and Cragg (1913), as probably the species of Oxyuris, which 

 in Madras is often found in the embryo stage heavily infesting the larvae 

 of Musca nebulo. 



Oxyuris vermicularis Linnaeus, the HUMAN PINWORM, can be 

 ingested in the egg stage by flies, according to Grassi (1883). 



