DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY BLOODSUCKING FLIES 211 



Streptococcus sp., causative organism of SEPTICAEMIA, was re- 

 corded from Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus bv Schuberg and Boing 

 (1914). 



DISEASES OF UNKNOWN OR UNCERTAIN ORIGIN 



PAPPATACI FEVER, also known as Three-day and Phlebotomus 

 fever, a disease of the Mediterranean regions, which has caused consid- 

 erable disability to the troops, especially in Egypt and Greece, is trans- 

 mitted by the bite of the sand fly, Phlehotomus papatasii Scopoli, and 

 possibly other species in the genus. This disease is considered very closely 

 related to dengue, if not identical, by ]Megaw (1919) and others. Its 

 transmission has been clearly demonstrated by Doer, Franz and Taussig 

 (1909). The blood is infective for only about 2-i hours. During this 

 period the flies become infected by feeding on the patient. After ingesting 

 the virus, there is an incubation period of seven to ten days before the 

 insects become infective, and beyond this after an indeterminate period 

 the}' may again become non-infective. Following the bite of an infected 

 fly, there is an incubation period in man of from 31 l' to 7 days, during 

 which time the patient is non-infective. The virus is filterable. Lizards 

 and reptiles are the wild reservoirs of the disease. 



VERRUGA PERUVIANA, or Carrion's disease, a Peruvian disease, 

 thought to be caused by Bartonella haciUiformis Strong, Tyzzer, Brues, 

 and Sellards is claimed by Townsend (1916) to be carried by Phlebotomus 

 verrucarum Townsend, and he advances evidence to support his claim. 



EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA, or swamp fever of horses, a 

 disease caused by a filterable virus in Japan, was thought to be carried 

 by Chrysops japonicus Wiedemann, Chrysozona pluviatilis Linnaeus 

 (Haemofopota tristis Bigot), Tabanus chrysurus Loew, T. trigonus 

 Coquillett, T. trigeminus Coquillett, and Atylotus rufidens Bigot, ac- 

 cording to the Horse Administration Bureau (1914) ; and in America 

 was claimed by Scott (1915) to be carried by Stomoxys calcitrans 

 Linnaeus. Howard (1917) conducted an experiment with Stomoxys cal- 

 citrans which indicated the probability that this fly transmitted the 

 disease. 



HOG CHOLERA, a disease caused by a filterable virus, has recently 

 been transmitted by inoculating animals with infected Stomoxys calci- 

 trans (Dorset, ct al., 1919). 



GLANDERS is associated by Fuller (1913) with Stomoxys cal- 

 citrans outbreaks. 



POLIOMYELITIS, or infantile paralysis, a disease of unknown 

 origin, has been suspected by various authors of being transmitted by 

 biting insects, especially Stomoxys calcitrans and Tabanids. Rosenau 



