212 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY 



and Brues (1912) conducted experiments with this fly and reported suc- 

 cessful inoculations of six monkeys by bites of the flies. Anderson and 

 Frost (1912) repeated these experiments and as a result three monkeys 

 exposed daily to the bites of several hundred Stomoxys, which at the 

 same time were allowed daily to bite two intracerebrally inoculated mon- 

 keys, developed quite typical symptoms of poliomyelitis eiglit, seven, and 

 nine days, respectively, from the date of their first exposure. Autopsy 

 of all proved the presence of typical poliomyelitis lesions. On the other 

 hand these same authors in further experiments (1913) and Sawyer and 

 Herms (1913) record negative results with this fly. Fuller (1913) re- 

 ports that it has been shown that epidemics of infantile paralysis usually 

 occur with an abundance of the stable fly. 



PELLAGRA, a disease of unknown origin, introduced from Europe 

 to America, was for a long time thought to be caused by eating spoiled 

 corn. At present sentiment seems to favor considering that it is caused 

 by lack of vitamines. However, it is important that we discuss in this 

 lecture rather briefly the theories propounded regarding bloodsucking 

 flies as possible transmitters of the disease. 



Sambon (1910) brought forward the theory that the disease is car- 

 ried by the bufl'alo gnats Simulium spp. Jennings and King (1913b) 

 and Jennings (1914) are inclined to believe that the incidence of this 

 genus and of pellagra aff'ords sufficient evidence to exclude Simulium from 

 the consideration. On the other hand Jennings and King in their three 

 papers point out very strongly the possibility of Stomoxys calcitrans 

 being concerned in the transmission of the disease. 



RICKETTSIA MELOPHAGI Noller, a body similar to those found 

 in typhus, trench fever, etc., is found in the bodies of Melophagus ovinus, 

 the sheep tick, but is not known to be associated with any disease. 



ANIMAL. ORGANISMS TRANSMITTED BY BLOODSUCKING FLIES 



Protozoa 



Mastigophora: Binucleata: Haemoproteidae 



Haemoproteus columhae Celli and San Felice, the cause of PIGEON 

 MALARIA or haemoproteasis of Columha livia, is transmitted by the 

 pigeon flies Lynchia maura Bigot in Algeria and India, and L. brimea 

 Olivier in Brazil. Mrs. Adie (1915) worked out the complete life cycle 

 in the fly, and Acton and Knowles (191'1) in the pigeon. Mrs. Adie 

 succeeded in transmitting the disease to uninfected pigeons by the bites 

 of Lynchia flies. The flies used were dissected and found to contain 



