262 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY 



croft, in the West Indies by Lebredo (under the name pipiens) and also 

 by Law, in the Philippines by Ashburn and Craig, and in India by Cruik- 

 shank and Wright; Aedes psevdoscutellaris Theobald in Fiji; Man- 

 sonioides africanus Theobald by Daniels in Nyasaland ; M. uniformis 

 Theobald, and Aedes argenteus Poirret {Stegomyia calopus Meigen, A. 

 fasciata Fabricius, Cvlex taeniatus Meigen) in Nigeria by Daniels, and 

 in the West Indies by Law. 



Complete development has not been demonstrated as forms have not 

 been actually seen in the proboscis, although advanced stages have been 

 recorded in Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann {inimitus Theobald, pseudopic- 

 tus Grassi, peditaeniatus Leicester, nigerrimus Giles) and harbirostris 

 Van der Wulp in Malaysia by Leicester; A. argyrotarsis Robineau-Des- 

 voidy in West Indies by Law; A. alhimanus Wiedemann {albipes Theo- 

 bald) in West Indies by Vincent ; Mansonioides anmdipes Theobald in 

 Malaysia by Leicester, and in Australia by Bancroft ; Mansonia pseudo- 

 titillans Theobald ; Culex microanmdatus Skuse ; C. gelidus Theobald, and 

 C. sitiens Wiedemann, Aedes perplexa Leicester, A. scutellaris Walker, 

 Scutomyia albolineata Theobald and Taeniorhynchus domesticus Leices- 

 ter in Malaysia by Leicester. 



Francis (1919) reports absolutely negative results with Aedes 

 argenteus {calopus) in South Carolina. 



The embryo microfilaria enter the mosquito's stomach with the blood. 

 They rupture the sheaths which contain them, pierce the walls of the 

 stomach and find their way to the muscles of the thorax, where they 

 develop. They finally work into the proboscis and escape during the act 

 of feeding, through Dutton's membrane, as worked out by Lebredo (1905). 

 They enter the skin through the bites or through pores. 



Filaria demarquayi Manson (1897), another cause of HUIMAN 

 FILARIASIS, was found by Fiillcborn to pass its immature stages in 

 the thoracic muscles of Aedes argenteus {calopus). Mense also records 

 Culex quinquef asciatus and Anopheles alhimanus as hosts. 



Nemathelminthes: Nematoda: Mermithidae 



Agamomermis culicis Stiles (1903) is recorded from Culex sollicitans 

 Walker in the United States. 



From a purely American standpoint we must guard against mos- 

 quitoes as carriers of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and filariasis, but 

 troops operating in INIediterranean countries would also have to consider 

 possible transmission of tropical sores and Kala Azar. In South America 

 other forms of sores ; in Africa sleeping sicknesses may be carried by 

 mosquitoes. 



The burden of all this evidence is that mosquitoes should not be 



