•jZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



chamber the size of a man's hand has Ijcen made. The bark covering 

 these large wounds soon dies, breaks away and the following season there is 

 an ugly scar, as represented at figure 9, on plate 4. In a short time small 

 trees harl)oring several of these creatures are cpiickly girdled. Two years 

 are required to complete the life cycle, according to most authorities. 

 The first winter is passed by the small caterpillar, usually less than an inch 

 long, in its burrow. The seconel winter it is nearh' full grown | pi. 4. hg. 4]. 

 The transformation to the quie.scent pupa \\)\. 4, fig. 5] takes place in the 

 burrow, the bark having previously been eaten nearly through by the cater- 

 pillar, liefore the adult ap])ears, the jnipa works itself partly out of th(j 

 burrow | pi. 4, fig. 6j and the moth emerges, leaving the empty pupal case 

 as represented at figure i, plate 4. 



This pernicious borer has been recorded as attacking 83 species of 

 trees and shrubs. According to the observations of Dr E. B. Southwick, 

 entomologist to the department of public parks of New York, the elms 

 and maples are most subject to attack, the horse-chestnut, ()hio buckeye 

 ( .\ e s c u 1 u s glabra), beeches, birches, dogwood, hickories, oaks, and 

 walnuts suffering in the order named. Almost every species of tree and 

 shrub in Central Park, e.Kcept evergreens, was injured to some; extent. 



Remedies. Something can be accomplished by the destruction of the 

 rather sluggish females before eggs are deposited. This is of most value 

 where there are onl)- a few small trees. In localities where this insect 

 occurs, trees should be examined three or four times a year. The wilting 

 of smaller twigs and the strings of expelled frass indicate the presence of 

 this borer. .Smaller infested branches can be cut off and burnc-d, and as the 

 caterpillars leave their burrows on slight provocation, their destruction 

 should not be delayed long after cutting. Limbs broken off by storms 

 should be collected and burned, as they fretjuenth' contain caterpillars of 

 this pest. The borers in larger branches or in the trunks should be cut out 

 and destroyed whenever possible. In some cases they may be killed in 

 their burrows with a tlexible wire. l)r M 15. .Southwick, who has had 

 considerable experience in fighting the pest in Central Park, New York, 



