INSECTS AFFECTIXG PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 



137 



Keokuk la., and probably farther," according to Dr L. O. Howard. It has 

 been recorded as common in Nebraska, and reported as present in Oregon. 

 Natural enemies. This insect has so many efficient natural enemies, 

 that account of them should always be taken in any effort to check the 

 pest. It is probable that quite a number of birds prey on the caterpillars 

 of this species. A recent article by Mr E. H. Forbush, ornithologist to the 

 Massac\usetts State Board of Agriculture, lists 47 species of native birds 

 which have been observed feeding on hairy caterpillars, and he states that 



r- a b 



Fig 'o P i m p 1 .a i n q u i 5 i t o r: a=shrunken tussock moth caterpillar bearing 

 parasite eggs in situ; <=egg: c-eggs in situ; rf-Iarvae, full grown, feeding on 

 spun-up caterpillar: ^-cocoons of parasite within Hemerocampa cocoon; 

 a, </, A slightly enlarged, c, still more enlarged, b, greatly enlarged. (After 

 Howard, from Yearbook, Dep't Agric. 1895) 



probably all of them will feed on this pest. It has been known for some 

 years that the robin, Baltimore oriole, black-billed cuckoo, and yellow-billed 

 cuckoo will feed on the caterpillars of this species, and to this Mr Forbush 

 adds the following by observation : whip-poor-will, chimney swift, phoebe, 

 blue jay, robin and English sparrow. 



The insect parasites of this species are extremely valuable allies and 

 should be encouraged in every practical manner The extensive studies 

 by Dr L. O. Howard' have made valuable and very material additions 

 -U. S. Dept Agric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 5. 1S97. 



