INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 329 



use of paris green. In all probability arsenate of lead would be more 

 effective. 



Bibliography 



1S97 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep't 1896. p. 264-67 



1902 Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 38, n. s. p. 70-82 



Golden oak scale 



Astcrolccaitiuui variolosjiiii Ratz. 



This circular, convex, bright yellow or golden s( ale insect, about 'Ae inch in 

 diameter sometimes occurs on oak twigs in very large numbers. 



This introduced species has become established in several localities 

 within the State, and on account of its injuries and abundance has been 

 brought to the writer's attention on several occasions. It was received on 

 white oak twigs from Yonkers N. Y., Sep. 16, 1900, at which time many of 

 the branches were literally covered in places with this insect. 



Early history. This species was first recognized in this country in 

 1880 by Professor Comstock, who records it from imported oaks on the 

 Department of Agriculture grounds at Washington D. C. He adds that 

 the species is not a common one in Europe, though it is occasionall)- quite 

 destructive to individual trees. Ur L. O. Howard, writing of this insect in 

 1889, states that it occurred at that time on the grounds of the Department 

 of Agriculture at Washington, almost entirely on American oaks. This 

 species was recorded on an old white swamp oak at Elizabeth N. J. in 1891, 

 by Dr J. B. Smith, who states that a small branch was densely covered by 

 the scales of this insect, and that the entire tree was badl\- infested. This 

 attack was first observed in 1890. This species is characterized b\- the 

 editor of Irardcning'm 1895, as the greatest enemy of the golden oak and 

 the statement is made that most of these oaks appear infested by this i)est. 

 Mr A. S. Fuller in Gardening for the same year, states that he observcnl the 

 species about 1889, and adds that many smaller twigs and branches of 

 infested trees died as the result of attack. The following sjjring, however, 

 he was unable to find any specimens. Mr Fuller records this scale insect as 



