Vererbung, Variation, Mutation. 165 



white. But where a Belt is crossed, or white added, with breeds that exhibit, 

 or carry latent, spots in the pigment area, it must then be compounded of two 

 factors; one the white, the other a determiner for seifing the pigmented portion 

 of the pattern. The first of these factors (the white) is dominant; the second 

 (the seifing) is recessive. Spotting on swine, as with other mammals, may be of 

 two kinds: pigment-spots on a white field, and white spots on a colored field. 

 There is a discussion of outlining in color-pattern with red and white and of 

 heterozygous pattern. The conclusion is reached that any form or design of co- 

 lor or pattern, be it belt, stripes, white feet, or spots in any particular locality, 

 may be fixed to reasonable constancy, provided its heredity is dependent on 

 homozygous pairs of chromosomes, regardless of the number of factors involved, 

 so they fall inside of the species number of chromosome pairs. But no pattern 

 or design can be regularly perpetuated where the factors are split in the pair, 

 i. e., when depending on any heterozygous pair of chromosomes. Pearl. 



400) Ward, W. F., Breeds of Beef Cattle. In: U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' 

 Bull., No. 612, S. 1—23, Jan. 1915. 



This paper is a description with illustrations of the common beef breeds of 

 cattle. Pearl. 



401) Hume, H. H., A Kaki Classification. In: Jour. of Heredity, Vol. V, 

 No. 9, S. 400—406, Sept. 1914. 



A System of classifying the varieties of the Japanese persimmon, Biospyros 

 tcäki, on the basis of light fleshed, mixed fleshed, and dark fleshed has been found 

 to be worthless since the basis of grouping is not stable. It is in itself a variable 

 character. It has been found that the flesh characters are fixed by the pollination 

 factor and this factor finds its most striking expression in the color and texture 

 of the flesh. Based on the difference in flesh coloration under the influence of 

 pollination Kaki may be divided into at least two groups; Pollination Constants, 

 those which show no change in color of flesh under the influence of pollination, 

 and Pollination Variants, those in which the flesh of the fruit is darkened under 

 the influence of pollination. The amount of dark flesh found in fruits of varieties 

 of the group Pollination Variants depends both upon the number of seeds and 

 upon their location with reference to one another. It is pointed out that other 

 species of Biospyros do not show the peculiar characteristics that B. kaki does. 

 The question is raised if it is not likely that B. kaki is not a true species but 

 rather a mixture of two or more species, hybridized and grown under cultivation 

 for centuries. It is possible that the present cultivated varieties known under 

 the name B. kaki are derived from two distinct species, one bearing dark fleshed 

 fruit and the other light fleshed fruit. Pearl. 



402) Young, C. C, Origin of Karakul Sheep. In: Jour. of Heredity, Vol.V, 

 No. 10, S. 445—447, Oct. 1914. 



According to the writer of this paper the black Danadar is the original fur- 

 bearing stock of Central Asia sheep. This crossed with white, fine-wool, Afghan 

 sheep produced the gray Danadar which in turn crossed with fatrump sheep pro- 

 duced the small Arabi or Karakul breed. Pearl. 



403) Southworth, W., Alfalf a Hybridization. In: Jour. of Heredity, Vol. V, 

 No. 10, S. 448—457, Oct. 1914. 



In order to improve the seed production and grazing qualities of alfalfa, 

 Mcäioago sativa L. experiments in crossing it with black medick, Medicago lupu- 



