524 Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 



in the key on page 516, where a geographical arrangement has been 

 attempted, based on the assumption that C. p. griseola is the central 

 form of the species, which spread northward through Central America 

 on the one hand and the Antilles on the other. Inasmuch as con- 

 tiguous forms usually have certain characters in common, such an 

 arrangement is by no means an unnatural one. As a matter of 

 convenience, as well as because it is the earliest named and best 

 known form, C. p. passerina will be first taken up, and its characters 

 and variations studied in some detail as a basis for comparison. 



Chaemepelia passerina passerina (Linnaeus). 



"Turtur minimus guttatus" Catesby, The Natural History of Carolina, etc., I, 

 1731, 26, pi. 26 ([South] Carolina). 



Colnmba passerinaLmNMVS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 165, part (ex Catesby; diag.); 

 ed. 12, I, 1766, 285, part (reprint orig. descr.). — Forster, Cat. Animals N. Am., 

 1771, 11. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 787, part (diag.; references). — Latham, 

 Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 611, part (diag.; syn.). — Bartram, Travels, 1791, 290 (Caro- 

 lina and Florida). — Barton, Fragments Nat. Hist. Pa., 1799, vi (near Phila- 

 delphia, Pa., accidental). — Wilson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, 15, part, pi. 46, figs. 2-3 

 (North and South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; sea islands of Carolina and 

 Georgia; upper parts of Cape Fear River; syn.; descr.; habits). — Ord, in Guthrie's 

 Geography, Am. ed. 2, 1815, 317, (340), part (North and South Carolina; 

 Georgia; Louisiana; Florida; habits). — Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 

 XXVI, 1818, 401, part (Florida; Georgia; South Carolina). — Vieillot, Gal. 

 Oiseaux, I, 1825, 333, part, pi. 196 (United States, from Carolina southward). 

 — Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV, 1825, 265 (southern 

 United States; crit.). — Desmarest, Diet. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826, 308, part (part 

 of American continent). — Wagler, Syst. Avium, 1827, [260], Columba, sp. 88, 

 part (United States; descr.; syn.). — Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 

 II, 1828, 120, part (southern United States; diag.). — Wilson and Bonaparte, 

 Am. Orn., Jameson ed., II, 1831, 304 (geog. distr.; syn.; descr.; habits). — Nut- 

 tall, Manual Orn., I, 1832, 635 (from Virginia southward; habits). — Audubon, 

 Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 471, pi. 182 (lower parts of Louisiana to Cape Hatteras; 

 sea islands of Georgia; coast of east Florida; St. Augustine, Florida; Charleston, 

 South Carolina; Sandy I., south of Cape Sable, Florida; descr.; habits); V, 1839. 

 558 ("rarely met with to the westward of the mouths of the Mississippi"). — 

 Audubon, Syn. Birds N. Am., 1839, 192 (Florida; Florida Keys; "Louisiana to 

 North Carolina, including Alabama and Georgia"; descr.). — Audubon, Birds 

 Am., V, 1842, 19, pi. 283 (reprint of matter in Orn. Biog., antea). — Denny, 

 Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, 38, part (United States, in geog. distr.). — Ger- 

 hardt, Naumannia, 1854, 193 (Florida); 1855, 383 (Georgia). 



"Ground Turtle" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 659, part (Carolina). 



"Ground Pigeon" Pennant, Arctic Zoology, II, 1785, 328, part (Carolina). 



Goura passerina Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., XI, i, 1819, 133 (descr.; references; 

 occasional in Carolina and the southern parts of Pennsylvania); XIV, i, 1826, 296. 



