1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77 



introduction of terse formulae for descriptions, and fixing attention upon species." 

 The "Species Plantarum " published in 1753 and the tenth edition of the 

 " Systema Naturae" in 1758 are essentially catalogues of the names of the plants 

 and animals arranged in a methodical way. The terms, class, order, genus and 

 species, were established in classification. With the adoption of the binominal 

 methods, " certainty and precision were introduced into the art of description." 

 Linnaeus' classification of the Insecta is as follows: — 



I. — Insects with four wings: 



1. The anterior ones horny. 1. Coleoptera. 



2. The anterior ones half horny and half membraneous. 2. Hemiptera. 

 a. All covered with scales. 



3. The anterior and posterior membranous. 3. Lepidoptera. 

 6. All naked. The nervures 



* Recticulated. 4. Neuroptera. 



** Ramose. 5. Hymenoptera. 



II. — Insects with two wings: 6. Diptera. 



III. — Insects without wings: 7. Aptera. 



1. With six feet, louse, flea and some others. 



2. With more than six feet. 



a. Head connected with thorax (spiders, crabs, etc.). 



b. Head free (centipedes, wood-lice, etc.). 



His Insecta corresponds, therefore, to our modern Arthropoda. 



De Geers classification is: — 



1. — Insects with wings :> 

 A. — Gymnoptera. 



1. Lepidoptera. 



2. Elingula (Ephemerae, etc.). 



3. Neuroptera (Libellulae, and other Linnean Neuroptera). 



4. Hymenoptera. 



5. Siphonata (Aphides and Cicada). 

 B. — Vaginata. 



6. Dermaptera (bugs and water bugs). 



7. Hemiptera (cockroaches and grasshoppers). 



8. Coleoptera (beetles). 

 C. — Diptera. 



9. Halterata (Linnaeus Diptera). 



10. Proboscidae (the genus Coccus). 

 II. — Insects without wings. Aptera: 



D. — Saltatoria. 



11. Suctoria (the genus Culex). 

 E. — Gressoria. 



12. Aucenata (the general Lepisma, Podura, Termes, Pediculus, Recinus). 



13. Atrachelia (the spiders and crabs). 



14. Crustacea (the Isopoda, Amphipoda, and Myriapoda of Latreille). 



Fabricius (1748-1808), a Dane, was born in Schleswig and became a Pro- 

 fessor at Kiel. His classification, published in his " Systema Entomologiae " in 

 1775 followed along a new path, the orders being defined by differences in the 

 mouth-parts. By his system insects far remote were grouped together. His 

 method of using solitary characters did not make for natural grouping. 



His classification is as follows : — 



I. — Insects with Biting Mouths. 



A. — Two pairs of mandibles. 

 a. The lower ones having palpi. 



1. Free without covering. 1. Class. Eleutherata (beetles). 



2. Covered. 2. " Ulonata (Orthoptera). 



3. Connate with labium. 3. " Synistata (Neuroptera). 



4. Distended, thin, coriaceous. 4. " Piegata (Hymenoptera). 



