78 



THE EEPORT OF THE 



No. 36 



5. Horny, strongly toothed, labium 



without palpi. 



6. All without palpi. 



B.— A pair of maxillae resembling scis- 

 sors. 

 C. — ^More than two pair of maxillae. 



1. Within the labium. 



2. Outside the lip closing the mouth. 



3. Outside the lip but covered by 



the palpi. 



5. Class. Odonata (Libellulae). 



8. 

 9. 



10. 



Mitosata (Scolopendra). 

 Unogata (scorpions and 

 spiders). 



Polygonata ( Isopoda ) . 

 Kleistognatha (short-tailed 



crabs). 

 Exochnata (long-tailed craibs). 



II.— Insects with Suctorial Mouths. 



1. In the mouth a spiral tongue. 



2. In the mouth a horny proboscis, 



surrounded by jointed sheaths. 



3. In the mouths a soft unjointed 



proboscis. 



11. Class. Glossata (Lepidoptera). 



12. " Rhyngota (Hemiptera). 



13. 



Antiliata (Diptera). 



Summarizing the results briefly one may say that Swammerdam based his 

 classification on metamorphosis, Linnaeus on wings, and Fabricius on mouth-parts. 



As already observed the classifications of Linnaeus, De Geer, and Fabricius 

 were based chiefly upon superficial features and not upon deep fundamental 

 characters. The systems were artificial, but convenient for purposes of identi- 

 fication. The natural system was not fully established for another seventy- 

 five years, and was elaborated by Cuvier (1769-1832), Latreille, Lamarck, Leach, 

 Kirby and Spence, Oken and Macleay. The division Aptera had long perplexed 

 systematists. Cuvier proved clearly that the crabs, etc., could not be retained 

 among insects, forming the class Crustacea for them.* 



Lamarck removed the spiders, scorpions, etc., constituting the class Arachnida 

 for them, including therein the mites, centipedes, springtails and lice. Latreille,** 

 however, formed the class Myriapoda for the centipedes, the order Thysanura for 

 the springtails and the order Parasita for the lice. 



Latreille's ordinal classification is as follows; — 



I. — Apiropoda. Condylopes with more than six legs. 



1. Class. Crustacea. 



2. " Arachnides. 



3. " Myriapoda. 



TI. — Hexapoda. Condylopes with six legs. 



4. Class. Insecta. 



A. — Insects without wings. 



a. Without metamorphosis. 



* With mandibulate organs. 

 ** With suctorial mouths. 



b. With perfect metamorphosis. 

 B. — Insects with wings. 



a. Elytroptera. The anterior wing covers 

 the posterior like a sheath. 



* Mandibulate mouth. Cases horny. 



Order. 



Thysanura. 



Parasita. 



Siphonaptera. 



*It will be recalled that Aristotle separated the Crustacea from the insects as a 

 separate class (Malacostraca). 



**Leach first used the term Myriapoda for centipedes and millipedes. 



