1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 



t Mandibulate oral organs at least 

 distinct mandibles. 

 Wings with reticulated nervures. 8. Order. Neuroptera. 



Wings with ramose nervures. ii. " Hymenoptera. 



tt Suctorial mouth. Mandibles abortive. 10. " Lepidoptera. 



** Two wings. 

 t Two distorted moveable processes on 11. " Strepsiptera. 



the prothorax. 

 tt Poisers behind the wings. 12. " Diptera. 



Kirby and Spence's Classification (Introduction) is as follows : — 



I — Insects with mandibles. MandLbulata. 



1. Order. Coleoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille. Eleutherata, Fab.). 



2. " Strepsiptera, Kirb. (Rhiphiptera, Latr.) 



3. " Dermaptera, Leach (Family Forficula, Latr.). 



4. " Orthoptera (like Latreille, but without Forficula). 



5. " Neuroptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille, but without the Trichoptera). 



6. " Hymenoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille). 

 II.— Insects with suctorial mouths. Haustellata. 



7. Order. Hemiptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille). 



8. " Trichoptera (Leach). 



9. " Lepidoptera (Linnaeus and Latreille). 



10. " .Diptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille). 



11. " Aphaniptera, Kirby (Suctoria, Latr.). 



12. " Aptera (all apterous insects breathing through tracheae). 



* Hexapoda (Ametabola, Leach, Thysanura, Parasita Latr.). 

 ** Octopoda (Arachnides, Tracheales, Latr.). 

 *** Polypoda (Myriapoda, Leach, Latr.). 



We will note that in the Aptera are included the hexapod spring- tails and 

 lice, the octopod mites, and the polypod centipedes. 



McLeay's Classification (Horae Entomologicae, 1821) is as follows: — 



Annulosa: 



1. Crustacea (according to Latreille). 



2. Arachnida (according to Latreille). 



3. Ametabola (Myriapoda, Thysanura, Parasita of Latreille). 



4. Haustellata. 



5. Mandibulata. 



Ptilota. 

 Mandibulata Haustellata. 



Larvae with feet, pupae obtectae. 

 Trichoptera Lepidoptera 



(Semb lodes, Phryganea, etc.) 

 Larvae apods, pupae exaratae. 

 Hymenoptera Diptera 



Larvae varying, pupae free and quiet 

 Coleoptera Aptera (Suctoria, Latr.). 



Metamorphosis semi-complete, Larvae resembling the imago. 

 Orthoptera Hemiptera 



(Hemip. Heteroptera, Lat.). 

 Larvae with six feet, metamorphosis varying. 

 Neuroptera Homoptera 



(Hemip. Homopt. Latr.). 



The Study of Par.^sitism and Natural Method of Control. 



From early times students of insect life have observed that sometimes from 

 caterpillars and their chrysalids there emerge insects that are different from them 

 and that often cause their death. According to Silvestri, Aldrovandi (1602) was 

 the first to observe the exit to the larvfe of Apanteles ghmeratus, which he 

 thought were eggs, from the common cabbage caterpillar. Later, Eedi (1668) 

 recorded the same observation, and others on insects of different species. 



Valisnieri (1661-1730) was probably the first to discover the real nature of 



