30 



THE CLASS OF INSECTS. 



(These lobes will be explained farther on when speaking 

 of their development in the embryo.) Behind the epicra- 



nium is the occiput, 

 or base of the head. 

 It belongs to the la- 

 bial, or second max- 

 illarj' segment, and 

 helps to form a com- 

 plete ring, articulat- 

 ing with the thorax. 

 It is perforated by a 

 foramen to afford a 

 connection between 

 the interior of the 

 head and thorax. It 

 is sometimes, as in 

 many Coleoptera, Or- 

 thoptera, and Ilemip- 

 tera, elongated be- 

 ^'S- 42- hind and constricted, 



thus forming a "neck." It will be seen beyond, that the 

 labrum and clypeus are in the embryo developed from a 

 "tongue-like process whose inferior part eventually becomes 

 the labrum, while superiorly it sends a triangular process (the 

 rudnnent of the clypeus) into the interval between the proce- 

 phalic lobes."* This part {i.e. the clypeus and labrum) is the 

 most anterior part of the head, and in the embryo, as in the 

 adult, is normally situated in front of the ocelli, but is not to 

 be compared with the " anal plate," or eleventh tergite, of the 

 larva, or with the telson of the scorpion, as Huxley f supposes. 



Fig. 42. Siile view of the front part of the head, together with the mouth- 

 parts of the Humble-bee (Bombus). a, clypeus covered with hairs; 6, labrum; 

 c, the fleshy epipharynx partially concealed by the base of the mandil)les {d); 

 e, lacinia, or blade of the maxilla?, with their two-jointed paljii (/) at the base ; j, the 

 labium to which is appended the ligula (r/); below are the labial palpi; /*, the two 

 basal joints, being greatly enlarged; A', the compound eyes. — Original. 



* These lobes are folded back upon the top of the base of the head, and they 

 seem to form the tergal portion of the antennary ring, to which they respectively 

 belong, and do not seem to us to be the steDial iiortion, as suggested by Huxley, 

 for they are apparently developed in front of the mouth-opening, and form the roof 

 of the mouth. 



t " Lastly, there are certain parts developed singly in the median hnc in the Artic- 

 ulnta. Of this nature are the frontal spines of Crustacea, their telson, and the sting 



