360 DIPTERA. 



The function of the lialteres, or "poisers," is still problema- 

 tical. Hicks and Lejdig consider them as organs of hearing, 

 while Goureau and Loew think they are concerned in the act 

 of respiration. 



Besides the well known wingless genus Chionea, and the 

 Flea, Sheep-tick, and Braula, Loew, tlie eminent German ento- 

 mologist, enumerates several European species of Tipula, the 

 females of which have the wings rudimentary^ ; and also a spe- 

 cies of Limnobia (Idioptera). Epidapus is wingless in both 

 sexes. "Psyllomyia, Apterina and Elachiptera, and species 

 of Tachista, Chersodromia and Geomyza have rudimentary 

 wings in both sexes ; in other forms the wings are only abbre- 

 viated in both sexes (Sciomj^za), or in those of the male or fe- 

 male are smaller than in the other sex (species of Empis, 

 Khamphomyia, Idioptera and Tipula)." 



Fig. 270. Diagram of a icing loith two snhmarginal and five posterior cells {Cladura 

 indivisa). Cells: — 1, costal; 2, subcostal; 3, marginal; 3*, inuer marginal; 4, sub- 

 marginal; .5, second submarglnal; C-IO, first to fifth posterior; 11, discal; 12, first 

 basal; 13, second basal; 14, anal; 15, axillary; 10, spurious. Veins :— 6 I, auxiliary; 

 c»K, first longitudinal; h, n, o, second longitudinal; h i, prsefurca; k n, anterior 

 branch of the second longitudinal vein; 7: o, posterior branch of the second longi- 

 tudinal vein; ii-, petiole of the first submarginal cell; rp, third longitudinal; dq 

 rst, fourth longitudinal; q r, fork of its anterior branch; the posterior branch of 

 this fork, ending in r, is INIr. Loew's anterior intercalary vein; s t, fork of the pos- 

 terior branch of tlie fourth vein ; the branch of this fork, ending in t, is Mr. Loew's 

 posterior intercalai-y vein ; e u, fifth longitudinal ; / v, sixth longitudinal ; g w, 

 seventh longitudinal. Cross-veins:— x,\\m\\ei\\\; x x, subcostal; xara;, marginal; 

 X*, small, or anterior cross-vein; x**, gi-eat cross-veiu. — From Osten Sacken. 



Fig. 271 (1). Wingof Ortalis. — a, transverse shoulder-vein; b, auxiliary vein; c, 

 d, e, f, g and h, first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth longitudinal veins; i, 

 small or middle transverse vein ; k, hinder transverse vein ; I, m, n, o, costal vein; 

 p, anterior basal ti-ansverse vein ; q, posterior basal transverse vein ; r, nidiment 

 of the fourth tnmk; s, axillary incision ; A, B, and C, first, second and third costal 

 cells; D, marginal cell; £, submarginal cell; F, G and H, first, second and third 

 posterior cells; 7, discal cell; K. first or large basal cell; L, second basal ccU, or 



