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seeks. These motions are not subjective ; they are made in re- 

 lation to the inner natures of others, and therefore may be prop- 

 erly called sympathetic motions. Which of these two kinds of 

 motions is the higher? Undoubtedly the latter. All animals 

 have the first ; the second are not common to all. Does an her- 

 maphrodite worm, for instance, know that another being lives and 

 feels ? If not, it has no sympathetic motions. 



Having considered how to view the motions of an animal, let 

 us return to our problem, namely, to find a standard for the com- 

 parison of the different degrees in which, in the series of animals, 

 the mental constitution is developed ; and to show that the greater 

 or less degree of development of the sympathetic motions in an 

 animal, and of its organs to perform them, exhibits at the same 

 time, the degree of its psychical development. That such is the 

 case is because no degree of this development, beyond eating 

 and drinking, can possibly exist, except in society with, and in 

 regard to, fellow-beings. All those animals of higher mental 

 organization, are social animals, or, at least, are connected by 

 certain psychical relations, with other animals. Thus, among 

 insects, the hymenoptera rank psychically very high. The 

 greater part of them live in communities ; that is to say, each 

 individual lives and cares not only for itself, but also for its 

 fellow-citizens. It knows that it belongs to a certain community, 

 has certain duties there, &c. ; and whenever we admire the 

 sagacity of a bee or an ant, it is its working and thinking in 

 relation to other beings that we admire. Moreover, only ani- 

 mals which are social by their nature, can be domesticated ; that 

 is, made friendly to man. Man himself becomes human only 

 when in society with fellow-men. Children lost in forests when 

 young, growing up there, resemble beasts. The higher the civil- 

 ization of men, the closer and more complicated are the relations 

 between them. Now if this be so ; if the social life is the only 

 field where, in men or in animals, a higher growth of the spirit is 

 possible ; and if with man the social life is far more developed 

 than with any other member of the animal kingdom, we may 

 draw our final conclusion, namely, that we can determine the 

 psychical rank of any animal, from a knowledge of the degree 

 of its ability to manifest itself to its fellow-beings, or, what 

 is the same thing, of its organs for sympathetic motions. 



