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An example may illustrate the truth more fully. Let us look 

 at these organs in a fish, a lizard, and in man. The fish rests 

 horizontally in the water ; the head, neck, and trunk form one 

 bulky mass ; the dorsal column itself is the locomotatory oi-gan ; 

 the four limbs, fins, are used for balancing the body ; the ears 

 are rudimentary ; the eyes stiff, cold, without eyelids, and thus 

 without expression, and from their position and slight mobility, of 

 a very narrow horizon ; there is no voice with which to call a 

 companion. What means has this animal, by which to show to 

 another being what it feels ? Now as we see in fishes hardly 

 any organs for sympathetic motions, or senses for sympathetic 

 perceptions, we think we are justified in saying, that there must 

 be also in them very little sympathetic feehng or thinking. Let 

 us rise some steps further in the series of vertebrates, to the 

 lizard, — that quick, lively, sagacious animal. While in fishes, 

 the greater part of the body, and all four limbs, are used in loco- 

 motion, we find here four developed legs, the body nearly exempt 

 from the function of locomotion, and thus capable of further 

 differentiation ; and the head, neck, trunk, and tail are distinct. 

 With the distinct neck, and consequent ability to turn the head, 

 are immediately connected, not only a larger horizon, but also 

 many motions which manifest whatever moves or excites the 

 animal. Together with the larger horizon, the eyes are very 

 well developed, and the play of the eyelids (which are wanting in 

 fishes and even in snakes) gives expression ; so much, indeed, that 

 I have been able to tell from a glance at the eyes alone of some 

 lizards which I once kept alive for a long time, and which were 

 tame, whether they felt well or not. The ears, also, the organs 

 of the real social sense, are well developed in lizards ; and though 

 the animals themselves have no voice, still they seem to like 

 music. The tongue, which rarely exists in fishes, and when 

 present, is a mere organ for swallowing food, has here not only 

 become an organ of touch, but a means of expressing sympathy, 

 for I have seen them licking each other in play. In turtles, 

 which are higlier than lizards, we find already a voice ; and 

 even the fore feet are used as organs for sympathetic motions. 

 Prof. J. Wyman, in observing two of our common pond turtles 

 at the breeding season, saw the male gently stroke the head of 

 the female for some minutes. 



