192 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. 



(except ill Parnassius, Thais, and Dorifis) usually more or less pro- 

 duced apically ; subcostal nervure five-branched (except in Parnassius 

 and Rypermncstra, where it is four-branched), — the first and second 

 nervules "iven off before extremity of discoidal cell, the fourth and fifth 

 branching off about midway between end of cell and apex ; three disco- 

 cellular nervules almost always well-developed (but the first very short 

 in Scrieinus, Thais, and Doritis, and wanting in Parnassius), — the third 

 so inclined as to look like a continuation of median nervure, and 

 makino- the lower radial nervule appear to be a fourth median nervule ; 

 near base, between median and submedian nervures, a transverse interno- 

 median nervule in Ornithoptcra, Papilio, Eunjadcs, and Eurycus ; in- 

 ternal nervure, running free to inner margin, present in all genera 

 except Doritis. Hind-wings usually more or less prolonged in anal- 

 ano-ular region, and very often conspicuously tailed on third median 

 nervule (extraordinarily so in Le/ptocircus) ; inner margin liollowed so as 

 to leave abdomen perfectly free, and often folded back on itself : precostal 

 nervure forked, its lower branch joining costal nervure so as to form 

 a small prediscoidal cell (except in Thais, Doritis, and Parnassius, 

 where the precostal nervure is simple) ; submedian nervure more or 

 less curved ; internal nervure wanting. Legs rather thick (in Papilio 

 and Eirrgcus long also) ; fore-tibire with an elongate process or thick- 

 ened spur on the middle of the inner edge ; terminal spurs of middle 

 and hind tibias strong ; tarsi long, their terminal claws large, simple, 

 without appendages. 



'Abdojncn usually of moderate size and length (very large in Orni- 

 tlioptcra, and short, thick, and very hirsute in Parnassius and Doritis) ; 

 anal plates in $ well developed, usually more or less conspicuous (in 

 Ornithoptcra and Parnassius spined or hooked at tip) ; in impregnated 

 $ of four genera (Parnassius, Eurycus, Euryades, and LucMorJia) an 

 inferior corneous appendage, variable in form, usually constituting a 

 pouch, open posteriorly .■■• 



LA.IIVA. — Stout, usually smooth, but sometimes with numerous 



1 It is mainly on account of these singular appendages to the female abdomen that Mr. 

 H. J. Ehves, in his very interesting paper "On the Genus Parnassius" [Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 LoncL, 1886, pp. 17, 18), has proposed to form a distinct Family, " Parnassiidce," of these 

 four genera. But when it is considered that this appendage or pouch has been shown (as 

 Mr. Elwes fully details in his paper) by Von Siebold and Mr. Arthur Thomson, in the case 

 of Parnassius, and by Burmeister in the case of Euryades, to be no structural part of the 

 insect, but simply the adhering coagulated and dried condition of a secretion poured out by 

 the 6 during co(<MS, it seems quite impossible to recognise the "pouch" as a distinctive 

 fanuly or even genus character. As regards Euryades, the two species it contains are so 

 near Papilio, that probably the Felders would not have separated it from the latter but for 

 the female's possessing the appendage in question. 



That Parnassius and Doritis are very aberrant forms of the Papilionince is, however, evi- 

 denced in all their stages, and more especially in their rounded blunt pupa enclosed in a 

 elif^ht web (and in Parnassius covered with a bluish efflorescence), which is even more like 

 those of many moths than those of most of the Hespcrida'. But some approach to them is 

 afforded by the pupa of Thais, which is also enclosed by a few silken threads ; and although 

 their larvte are of unusual form, the presence of the Y-shaped neck tentacle is too close 

 and remarkable a link to admit of their severance from the Papilionime. 



