INTRODUCTION. 



3 



pair (mnndihics (fig. 1, ff), and a lower pair (iiuLrillar). 

 The mandibles vary in form, but arc always in one piece; 

 they are hard, and used for cutting or grinding. The 

 maxillae are composed of a base, cardo (fig. 3, a), a stalk, 

 sti]3es (fig. 3, &), the imlj^ifcr (iig. 3, c), an inner lobe, 

 (fig. 3, f/), an outer lobe (fig. 3, c), and the maxillary 'pal'pns 

 (fig. 3, /, fig. 1, i). On the sides of the ligula are two 



Fig. 3. 



<] \-I 



-^ e U.~m. N^ e- 



C-- 



I -/-i^..^ ^.„. aV/S^ 



«■ - 



Maxillae of Carahus ncmoralis. 

 (Upper and xmder-sides.) 



jmraglossae (fig. 2, c) ; these are not ahvays distinct, being 

 sometimes soldered to the ligula, and forming an apparently 

 integral part of it, often, how^ever, they are clearly separate, 

 and project much beyond it. 



Behind the head stand the three thoracic segments, the 

 prothorax, mesotJwrax, and tnctathorax. These segments 

 carry tlie organs of locomotion, being each provided with a 

 pair of legs, and the second and third bearing the t^vo 

 pairs of wangs. The upper-side of these segments is called 

 the notum, and the under-side the sternum. The notum of 

 each of the thoracic segments is normally divided into four 

 parts, the praescutum,, scutum, scutellum, ond postscutcllum. ; 

 in the Coleoptera, however, these are, in the pronotum, all 

 soldered together, without leaving any trace of separation, 

 forming the plate between the head and wing cases, spoken 

 of in descriptions as the thorax. The parts of the thorax 

 referred to in the descriptions are the anterior (fig. 1, m), 

 posterior (fig. 1, n), and lateral or side (fig. 1, o) margins ; 

 the anterior (fig. 1, p) and ijosterior (fig. 1, r) angles ; the 

 central line (fig. ], s); the part nearest the Aving cases is 



u 2 



