180 PIPE RAO E^. 



Value, Singapore, Es. 7 to Rs. 12 per maund of 41 lbs.; 

 Bengal, Rs. 9; Zanzibar, Rs. 5. Pippali-imil is also of three 

 kinds : Mirzapore, Rs. 10 to Rs. 40; Bengal, Rs. 7 to Rs. 7^; 

 Malwa, Rs. 50 per maund of 41 lbs. 



PIPER CUBEBA, Lum. /. 



Fig.-~-Penil. and Trim., f, 243. Cubebs {JSiirj.), Cubebes (-Fr.) 

 Hab. — Java. The fruit. 



VeniamIar.~'Ki}hab-Qhini, Kankol {Hind.), Kankola [Mar), 

 Yal-Tiiilaku { Tarn.), Toka-miriyalu, Chalava-mirfyalu {Tel\ 

 Val-mulaka (MaL), BaLi-menasu {C^oi.}, Chini-kabab (^^^^')' 



History, Uses^ &C.— Cubebs were introduced into 

 medicine by tbe Arabian physicians of the Middle Ages, 

 Masudi in the 10th century stated them to be a production of 

 Java. The author of the Sihah, who died in 1006, describes 

 Kabubeh as a certain medicine of China. Ibn Sina, about the 

 same time, notices it as having the properties of madder, but a 

 more agreeable taste, and states that it is said to possess hot 

 and cold properties, but is really hot and dry in the third 

 degree, a good deobstruent, and useful as an application to 

 putrid sores and pustules in the mouth ; it is also good for the 

 voice and for hepatic obstructions ; a vakiable diuretic, expelling 

 gravel and stone from the kidneys and bladder. He concludes 

 by stating that the application of the saKva, after chewing it, 

 increases the sexual orgasm. Later Mahometan writers have 

 similar accounts of Kababeh, and say that it is called Ilab-el-arui?, 

 *' bridegroom's berry /^ and that Greek names for it are Mahilyaa 

 {fi^ax^oul)^ and Karfiyun, evidently a corruption of Kapw^a-tov, the 

 name of an aromatic wood mentioned by Paulus ^gineta, I* 

 appears that cubebs were at one time known as Friictm carp^' 

 sionnn in Europe. In the Raja Nirghanta, which was written 

 about 600 years ago, cubebs appear under the name of Kankola, 

 and the same name appears in the Hindi and Marathi Nighantas- 

 Madanpal gives Katuka-kola, *' pungent pepper/^ as a synonym 

 for it. All the Sanskrit names appear to be of comparatively 

 recent origin. The authors of the Fhannacographia draw 



