of the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. 



65 



yoking and driving of bullocks. The oxen are driven without 

 reins, and the teamsman had sufficient to attend to in turning 

 his oxen with his whip, and had no time to attend to the imple- 

 ment. The plough was thrown on its side, and allowed to find 

 its way round as best it could, and this became a serious difficulty, 

 bending the wheels and doing other damage. The evident 

 superiority of their actual work, especially after the Agricultural 

 Shows of Vienna and Pesth, in 1857, convinced the native 

 manufacturers that reform was necessary, and in 1859, at a great 

 ploughing competition at Eresin, near Pesth, several new forms 

 were submitted for trial. These combined the advantages of 

 the English bodies and turn-furrows with the independent fore- 

 carriage so generally used on the Continent, which enables the 

 plough to be thrown upon its side in turning at the ends. The 

 two gold medals offered Avere awarded to two ploughs of this 

 construction ; the one made by R. Hornsby and Sons, Grantham, 

 and the other by A. Gubicz, of Pesth, on Howard's principle. 



" The leading makers of these ploughs are Vidats, and Strobl 

 and Baris, in Pesth, above-noticed ; Kiihne, Wieselburg, and 

 Burg and Son, Vienna. At the Agricultural Show of 1861, in 

 Vienna, Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth exhibited ploughs of 

 similar construction, which speedily were in demand. Messrs. 

 Ransome, Sims, and Head are also now doing an extensive 

 trade in these and other ploughs all over the Continent, The 

 old wooden ploughs are now rarely to be seen ; but in the 

 plains of Hungary some of the old class peasants still scratch 

 away three to four inches deep with the ancient type of imple- 

 ment. 



The following figure represents Clayton and Shuttleworth's 

 plough, made especially for the country. The fore-carriage is of 



Fig. 18. — Messrs. Clayicni and Shdtlewwth's Hungarian Plough. 



wrought iron, and the furrow-wheel is movable, thereby improving 

 VOL. X. — s. s. r 



