the Austro-Hiingarlau Enqiirc. 325 



vestigator. It is an interesting study, and one which might be 

 followed with success in Hungary, where old institutions exist 

 in more than ordinary simplicity. 



The peasant-land extends around the village, comprising 

 many thousands of acres of first-rate land, and around the arable 

 portion lies the pasture or common, whither the flocks and herds 

 are daily led. The arable land is, in the most perfect examples of 

 the " gemeinde," divided into three portions, one of which is 

 devoted to bare fallow, a second to winter corn, and the third to 

 summer corn. It is in fact the old three-field course which 

 appears to have obtained over the whole of England in the 

 twelfth century (Rogers). Each peasant proprietor owns land 

 in each of these three divisions, i.e., his little estate is always 

 divided into three parts. The portion which belongs to each indi- 

 vidual is defined by land-marks, and each peasant works, sows, 

 and reaps his own plot of land. Still he works in unison with his 

 fellows, so that in the proper season all the land is sown together, 

 and as the crops mature, the whole assumes the appearance of 

 one vast field of wheat or rye. In the same way, although each 

 individual works his own portion of fallow, the fallow portion 

 of the community presents the general appearance of one 

 immense fallow field. Also in the common pasture all the 

 village cattle graze together, and are herded by attendants, and,, 

 as already mentioned, the individual cattle find their way at 

 night to their respective homes. In some communes the uni- 

 form cropping of the land just described has been discontinued, 

 and each peasant cultivates his own land irrespective of his 

 neighbour. In such cases the long strips of wheat, of hemp, 

 or of bare fallow, so characteristic of peasant farming in other 

 parts of Europe, are to be seen. 



The following notes upon the peasantry of Upper Hungary 

 were taken at Talos, in Presburg Comitat, the seat of Count 

 Anton Esterhazy. Here the comparison is in favour of the 

 cultivation upon the Count's estate. The peasant only cultivates 

 3 inches in depth, while 6 inches is the cultivated depth on the 

 Count's estate. The peasants were ploughing-in dry, strawy- 

 looking dung, and the farming Avas exceedingly variable. 

 Korkey Egnatz, a very respectable peasant, owns two sessions of 

 38 acres each. He possesses a live stock of two pairs of oxen, 

 two mares, two two-year-old horses, one foal, three cows, two 

 two-year-old heifers, two calves, twenty-eight geese, besides a good 

 show of fowls, eight good beehives, and a nice kitchen-garden 

 opening into a larger back garden, growing barley and Indian- 

 corn for fodder. There were also poppies for seed, potatoes, and 

 hemp, from which they make their own shirts and light summer 

 trousers. His agricultural land is scattered through the com- 



