the Austro-Hunfjarian Empire. 349 



Fallow. 2nd, Rye or Wheat. 3rd, Mangolds or Potatoes after 

 the Rye, and Indian Corn after the Wheat. 4th year, Barley. 

 About 2 fields of lucern are kept down. The fallows are 

 seldom dunged for rye, but generally for wheat. The mangolds 

 and potatoes are also dunged. 



Lastly, upon Mezohegyes estate the rotation given me was, — 1st 

 year. Fallow, or Fodder Mohar (^Panicum italicum), Vetches and 

 Rape. 2nd year, Winter Grain, ord year, Summer Grain. 4th 

 year, Indian Corn. 5th year. Winter Grain. 6th year, Summer 

 Grain. 



Cultivation and Manure. — The richness and depth of the soils 

 over a vast extent of the Hungarian plains points at once to the 

 importance of cultivation. Deeper and more efficient cultivation 

 is, in fact, the chief direction in which improvement can be at 

 present pushed, and this shows the immense importance of recent 

 improvements in cultivating implements introduced through the 

 establishment of English firms (see last Report). 



The wretched shallow ploughing so constantly seen, especially 

 on peasant properties, shows how much remains to be done ; but 

 the advantages of a better system are thoroughly appreciated by 

 the agricultural leaders. On many large estates ploughing 6, 7, 

 and 8 inches in depth is now practised, and the improvement in 

 the crops is in consequence very great. 



On the Archduke Albrecht's estate an exceptionally good culti- 

 vation exists, owing in a great measure to the introduction of 

 Fowler's steam-plough. On the estate Bellye, in South Hungary 

 (Satoristye farm), the fields, or rather sections, each of which is 

 40 acres in extent and square in form, have all been done over 

 twice with steam, and the effect showed itself in the fine and 

 level crops of Indian corn and mangold. The improvement is 

 valued at one-fourth increase over ox-cultivation. 



The ordinary cultivation of a bare fallow in Upper Hungary 

 is as follows : — 



1st. Plough in spring. 



2nd. Plough again later. 



3rd. About harvest cart out manure, spread it, and 

 plough it in. 



4th, Plough a little less deeply for the seed-furrow. 

 An old but nearly abandoned system of working fallows was — 



1st. To cart out the dung on the stubble (in spring), 

 after finishing barley and oat sowing. 



2nd. To plough it in immediately, or to leave it un- 

 ploughed for some time. 



3rd. To plough before harvest. 



4th. To plough the seed-furrow. 



5th. To sow wheat in September. 



