88 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



vate forests at 90 cubic feet (overcutting!), but the net return is more 

 favorable for the communal than for the State forest, being $8.66 per 

 acre and 15.2 cents per cubic foot, as against $8.34 and 13.7 cents. 



Journal Forcstier Suisse, July-August, 1918, pp. 113, 132— 136. 



UTILIZATION, MARKET, AND TECHNOLOGY 



. Unwin draws attention to the need for more 

 British roads and better roads in the south of England 



Transport if the timber in the woods is to be got out with 



and reasonable profit. 



Roads The woods are mostly of small area and scat- 



tered, and no working plans seem to be available 

 giving position, area, thinnings or fellings, and approximate valuation. 

 The wooded areas are of three types: (i) old oak or beech woods, 

 mixed with ash, alder, elm, etc.; (2) regular coppice with an under- 

 growth of hazel, ash, and chestnut, with the scattered short-boled 

 standards chiefly of oak, occasionally a few ash; (3) the newer plan- 

 tations of Pinus sylvestris, P. austriaca var. laricio, Larix euro pea, 

 L. Icptolepis, Pseiidotsuga douglasii, Picea excelsa. 



Large areas of hardwoods, mostly oak and beech, are ready for 

 harvest, most of the coniferous material, with, in some cases, large 

 amounts of hardwoods, having been felled during the war; but lumber- 

 ing operations in this region would not pay, because where the woody 

 areas are in hill country the tracks are too steep or the road surfaces 

 too soft and poor for timber wagons and the rides through the woods 

 themselves not fit for heavy- wheeled traffic. No systematic manage- 

 ment has been undertaken. Even large estates do not employ a forest 

 officer, the agent of the estate having general supervision of the woods, 

 and he it is who hires foresters — more properly called woodsmen — to 

 do the cutting. Also, only on large estates are there small sawmills, 

 and so here again good roads would further the lumbering of these 

 scattered areas. 



The author suggests the desirability of each owner ascertaining the 

 amount of standing timber on his estate, what is mature, and what 

 could be felled. This information in conjunction with the market re- 

 quirements would determine whether and to what extent the roads 

 should be improved or new roads built. He makes suggestions as to 

 how this improvement in the road system may be secured. The road 

 board might provide for local roads and bridge work and grants might 



