156 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



veloi)ed sufficiently to cut one-third more than it is doing, and this, 

 too, in spite of the fact that the industry has been also cut off from 

 new milling and logging equipment. Most of the lumber companies 

 cut only the pine, so that to them the forest is lOO per cent pure. The 

 largest lumber company, and the only one well equipped with all modern 

 and logging machinery, is cutting, annually, 40 million feet, or nearly 

 one-quarter of the total amount produced. Ninety per cent of its cut 

 is Parana pine and 10 per cent is hardwoods of the third story, mostly 

 Embuia {Ncctandra sp. ). Rmbuia is the timber de luxe of the four 

 southern Brazil States. Like all tropical hardw^oods that are durable, 

 it is used alike for construction purposes, mostly railway ties, and for 

 fine furniture and interior finish. The amount utilized each year is not 

 known, but the railways of the States of Parana and Santa Catharina 

 consume annually 450,000 ties of Embuia for their maintenance. These 

 last from fifteen to twenty years. 



The second story is chiefly valuable for its firewood, though all other 

 stories furnish more or less of it. The railways of the three southern 

 States used, in 1917, about 1,000,000 cubic meters of firewood. The 

 total consumption of firewood- is estimated at 1,500,000 cubic meters. 

 This is equivalent to about 400,000 cords of wood, most of which comes 

 from the Parana pine forest. Besides firewood, the large, conical-shaped 

 resinous Parana pine knots are a valuable source of fuel, especially for 

 the railways, since, due to war conditions, imported coal has been cut 

 oft". The railways alone use some 48,000 cubic meters of these knots. 

 One cord of pine knots or two cords of wood are the equivalent of one 

 ton of coal. In all, the annual production of pine knots and firewood 

 are equal in calorific power to more than 200,000 tons of coal. 



The total production of wood products, including sawed lumber, 

 fuel, and railway ties, amounted in 1917 to nearly 2.000,000 cubic 

 meters, distributed as follows : 



Cubic meters 



Lumber 150,000,000 board feet, or 350,000 



Ties 800,000 (number), or 48,000 



Firewood 400,000 cords, or 1,500,000 



Pine knots 50.000 



Total 1,948,000 



The estimate of the value of the products delivered at the railroads 

 is near to $5,000,000, distributed as follows: 



Lumber at $20 per 1,000 board feet $3,000,000 



Ties at 75 cents each 600,000 



Firewood at 75 per cubic meter 1,015.000 



Pine knots at $2 per cubic meter 100,000 



$4,715,000 



