328 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



regions. Of the species studied, black spruce, tamarack, and birch are 

 classed as having a rigid, shallow root habit; white spruce a flexible, 

 shallow root habit; balsam poplar a deep, flexible root habit; jack pine 

 and white pine a deep, rigid root habit. 



C. F. K. 



Root Habit and Plant Distvihntion in the Far North. The Plant World, vol. 

 21, pp. 22^-232, September, 1918. 



Foresters as well as plant physiologists and 



Life forms, ecologists should welcome recent summaries and 



Leaf Si::e, and somewhat abridged English translations of the 



Statistical Methods important works of C. Raunkiaer, which, because 



in Phytogeography of their publication in the Danish language, have 



received very little attention until recently. He 



emphasizes the need for greater exactitude and the use of more precise 



methods in the quantitative study of vegetation in order to place plant 



geography and ecology on a firmer scientific basis. The same also 



applies to forestry and especially to forest research. 



William G. Smith^ has reviewed a number of Raunkiaer's papers oh his 

 system of correlating the vegetative organs of plants with their environ- 

 ment through "biological types" or "life forms" and their application 

 in phytogeography. Raunkiaer uses the plant itself as the criterion of 

 the biological value of the climate. He selected the adaptation of plants 

 to the critical or most rigorous season as shown by the nature and the 

 degree of protection possessed by the dormant perennial shoot-apices. 

 The Raunkiaer system distinguishes the following life-forms: 



"Phancrophyfes have their dormant buds on branches which project freely into 

 the air; they are the trees and shrubs. Several modifications of these are recog- 

 nized: (a) According to degree of protection, evergreens, with naked or with 



^ Smith, William G., Raunkiaer's life forms and statistical methods. Jour. BcoL, 

 vol. I, pp. 16-26, 1913. In review of the following papers by C. Raunkiaer: 



"Om biologiske Typer, med Hensyn til Planternes Tilpasning til at overleve 

 ugunstige Aarstider." Bot. Tidskrift, 26, i904-_ 



"Types biologiques pour la geographic botanique." Bull. Acad. Roy. d. Sci. de 

 Dancmark. 1905, pp. 347-437. 4i figs. 



"Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for geografien." Kjobenhaven, 

 1907, 132 pp., I plate, yy figs. 



"Livsformernes Statistik som grundlag for biologisk Plant geografi." Bot. 

 Tidsskr. 29, 1908, pp. 42-83, 34 tables. (Translation by G. Toblcr in Bcih. Bot. 

 Centralbl. 27, Abt. 2, 1910, pp. 171-206.) 



"Livsformen hos Planter paa ny Jord." Mem. Acad. Sci. de Danemark, 8, 

 1909, 70 pp., 29 figs. 



"Formationsundersogelse og Formations-ststistik." Bot. Tidsskr., 30, 1909, no 

 pp., 20 figs. 



"Measuring apparatus for statistical investigations of plant formations." Ibid., 

 33, 1912, pp. 45-48, I fig. 



