390 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



was increased by the addition of softwoods as follows : Swamps which 

 were not previously cut were cut this time; hemlock which was not 

 previously cut was cut this time ; the present cutting of spruce was ex- 

 tended to a lO-inch diameter limit on the stump one foot from the 

 ground, where previous cutting had only reached 12 inches breast-high. 

 These three sources would have made a considerable cut immediately 

 following or preceding lumbering operation and must not be confused 

 with increment during the lapsed period of 20 years. 



STAND AND REPRODUCTION 



General data on stand and reproduction are included, as taken and 

 averaged for two areas. The first area was selected from the extreme 

 southern part of St. Lawrence County, and represents a type of lum- 

 bering which gave no thought to future production, while the second 

 area is a portion of the Whitney estate on which a plan of forest man- 

 agement was put into operation twenty years ago, with the purpose of 

 securing successive cuts of pulp. 



A caliper record was made for each area, taking the trees down to 

 the two-inch class (that is. down to i^^ inches), breast-high, on ten 

 per cent of the total area. In addition to the caliper record, reproduc- 

 tion counts were made on three sample plots per acre, established at 

 regular intervals. These plots were i rod square and marked on the 

 boundaries by a 66-foot tape with pins fixed at 16^-foot intervals. 

 All reproduction that had produced branches and was less than i^^ 

 inches in diameter at breast-height was counted. Mortality of the 

 younger seedlings was considered too high to give results of value. 



The column marked "Cull" in the hardwood caliper record includes 

 all mature trees that would not be worth cutting now and all trees 

 of less than merchantable sizes, which because of decay or crook give 

 no promise of production of marketable timber in the future. The 

 areas selected are fairly representative of the natural type as modified 

 by the logging operations. Whether or not they are average for the 

 type throughout the Adirondack region, certain facts may be pointed 

 out which will keep their relative importance regardless of the varia- 

 tions in the composition of the type. 



From the study of the area selected from the Whitney estate, where 

 the spruce was cut to a diameter limit of 10 inches in 1898 the fol- 

 lowing deductions are made : 



I. The crown cover of the hardwoods has become re-established 

 during the twenty years that have elapsed since the cutting. 



