IXSTRL'CTIOX IX RAXC.n: MAXAGEMRXT 529 



forage production and utilization, and the results that have been and 

 may still be obtained through the various practices should be empha- 

 sized. 



The course should comprise a discussion of the following : 



A-i. — The native foraging animals and their relation to forage 

 production. 2. Advent of domestic live stock and the 

 rate of their introduction over the United States. 3. 

 Range wars: (a) Their origin and results and (b) their 

 suppression as a result of the creation of National For- 

 ests, the adoption of the pasture-leasing system, and to 

 certain other conditions. 4. Policies concerning the ad- 

 ministration of National Forest range and of grazing in 

 relation to other Forest resources. 



B-i. — (a ) The requirements of our nation and other countries for 

 meats and animal by-products, (b) Relation of National 

 Forest range lands to adjacent grazing and farm lands 

 and to the development of the country generally. 2. For- 

 age crop areas of the United States and the distribution 

 of range lands and forage resources of this country and 

 elsewhere. 3. Improvement in the production of range 

 forage due to the regulation of grazing and the applica- 

 tion of these results to the management of public domain 

 and other lands. 4. The curtailment of our public-do- 

 main pasture lands and the reduction in their carrying 

 capacity, including a consideration of the land laws and 

 legislation affecting the results. (Three credit units.) 



A-i. — The decrease in the productivity of the range in the early 

 eighties was due to a considerable extent to the grazing and trampling 

 by vast numbers of native foraging animals. This was especially true 

 prior to 1880, when it was estimated that not less than one hundred 

 million buft'alo or bison, wild horses, and elk dominated the pasture 

 lands chiefly west of the looth meridian. The forage consumed an- 

 nually by these animals should be compared with that used by domestic 

 stock today. The range laws of Nevada and other States, providing 

 for the destruction of unbranded horses, and the results therefrom 

 should be reviewed. 



2. The numerous difficulties encountered in stocking the vast expanse 

 of country west of the Mississippi and the factors responsible therefor 

 should be brought out. In this connection the advent of domestic stock 

 following the settlement of the Spaniards in the Southwest, and the 

 influence of these animals on the promotion of the industry, should be 

 reviewed, keeping in mind the inferior class of stock introduced. The 

 lands upon which stock was first handled and the factors favoring the 

 occupation of the lands should receive consideration. The live-stock 



