564 JOURNAI. OF FORESTRY 



B. Debatable. 



I. Private holdings in hand of holders having one billion feet or more 



of standing timber 46,000,000 



C. Clearly uneconomic in the main. 



I. Small holdings in hands of lumber companies and other owners not 

 integrated with other industries or otherwise specially favored 

 and not commanding cheap capital 145,000,000 



Total 545,000,000 



His conclusions as far as the Pacific Northwest is concerned are as 

 follows : 



1. Require that all permanent forest lands be reforested to at least 

 75 per cent full stocking following cutting. The cost of this is so small 

 that it is not unreasonable to put in on the private owner as a part of 

 his obligation as a trustee of an important renewable natural resource. 



2. Require protection of young growth from fire. In case any is 

 destroyed the owner should be required to reforest. This will insure 

 efficient protection. 



3. Begin consolidating ownership in economic hands and in workable 

 units for continuous forest production. 



4. Place each tract on a continuous sustained-yield basis, so that each 

 year income will be available to meet all expenses and pay annual re- 

 turns on the investment, just as a farm or railroad or a city block pays 

 annual returns. 



J. W. T. 



Effect of Gracing upon Aspen Reproduction. A. W. Sampson. Bull. 

 741. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Contribution from the Forest 

 Service, Washington, D. C. 1919. Pp. 29. 



The regulation and control of grazing is of far-reaching importance 

 in the organization of absolute forest land for the continuous produc- 

 tion of crops of timber. Too often in the past we have sacrificed repro- 

 duction in order to placate the cattle and sheep men. We have sacri- 

 ficed reproduction at the most opportune time for obtaining it, and now 

 it can only be secured by planting, often at prohibitive costs. 



Throughout most of the West grazing on absolute forest land is of 

 vast economic importance, and the forester accepts the general princi- 

 ples that grazing must be carried on as a part of forest management. 

 He does not object so much to grazing as he does to unregulated graz- 

 ing. In many parts of the West the present economic importance of 

 grazing so overshadows the importance of the forest for the produc- 



