PERIODICAL LITERATURE 579 



under new instructions in several German States (in 1910-12) and in 

 Austria (1908). 



In France there is no single instruction, only certain traditions dating 

 back to 1820 form the basis of working plans, with gradually more 

 modernized notions. In Bavaria, Wiirttemberg, and Prussia only State 

 forests are involved, in Baden and Alsace-Lorraine, as in Switzerland, 

 municipal forests are included in the instructions. 



In some of these States a special working plan bureau does the 

 work, in others it falls all or in part to the administrative officers. 



Besides the fact that in these countries in the main State forests 

 are involved, the author accentuates that mostly a clearing or short- 

 time regeneration system is the silvicultural basis, and hence the area 

 is prominent as regulator. In general, however, even here principles 

 and aims of management and silvicultural considerations are to influ- 

 ence the felling budget more than hitherto. 



As regards growing stock and increment, the Prussian instruction 

 does not consider ascertainment of them needed in selection forest, 

 and for other systems only the stands of the I (oldest) period (20 

 years) are to be calipered. In Alsace-Lorraine, besides the same pre- 

 scription for the oldest age-class, the contents of near-ripe stands of 

 the II period are to be ascertained by sample area method; here, in 

 selection forest all trees above 3 inches in the oldest age-class are to 

 be measured. In Baden, only the stands that come to use in the 

 next decade and those in process of generation are calipered. In 

 Austria, it is permissible to ascertain growing stock by measuring 

 sample areas on 5 per cent of the mature and near-mature stands. 

 Bavaria also ascertains only the growing stock for the next 10 years 

 fellings by either calipering or by estimates. Similarly, Saxony is 

 satisfied with estimates on the basis of yield tables. 



The current increment plays a greater role than formerly, ascer- 

 tained by stem analysis with use of sample areas and yield tables for 

 one or two decades. 



In Switzerland, however, a farther reaching direct inventory is con- 

 sidered necessary (probably because of less uniform conditions). 



As stated, the normal felling area plays a prominent part in deter- 

 mining the felling budget for the clear cutting timber forest, even in 

 Baden, where natural regeneration is most developed and where 

 Heyer's volume budget formula is used as a check. In France, too. 

 in many places the area allotment plan is used, when the growing stock 

 on the periodic (20 years L area of the oldest age-class is also ascer- 

 tained and divided by 20 to get the annual felling budget in volume and 



