10 April, 1918.] 



Apple Culture in Victoria. 



209 



bed and before the ditch is filled in. Where hard and tenacious subsoils 

 exist, however, excavation is more difficult, and a considerable amount 

 of pick and shovel work is often involved. Ordinary unglazed, porous. 

 12-inch kiln-burnt tiles are mostly used, and when placed in position they 

 should fit closely together. When filling the drains the subsoil should be 

 returned first, and as far as possible the soil should be restored to its 

 former position. 



D-HANDLE DRAINING SPADE. 



DRAINING SCOOPS. 



Plate 160. 



The D-handle draining spade and draining scoops figured in Plate 160 

 are of the pattern commonly employed for drainage work. The blade 

 of the spade is 16 inches long, 6 inches wide at the foot-i"est, and 4 inches 

 at the edge. The scoops, whether made on the pull or push principle, 

 are of a width suitable for hollowing out a bed to suit the size of the tile. 



