10 Sept., 1918.] Orchard and Garden Notes. 575 



ORCHARD NOTES. 



Spraying for peach aphis will be one of the necessary works this 

 month. Lime sulphur is the spray to be used before the vegetative buds 

 burst. 



As soon as the petals have dropped, any of the nicotine sprays should 

 be used. If tobacco water be used, this may be made as strongly as 

 possible, not making the spray any weaker than 1 pound of stems to 10 

 gallons of water. Where Black Leaf 4°, Nikoteen, or any other com- 

 mercial preparations are used, the directions on the package should be 

 followed. 



Repeated sprayings will be necessary so long as any live insects 

 remain. 



The time has also arrived when spraying is needful for the pre- 

 vention of all fungus diseases, such as shothole or scab, black spot, leaf 

 rust, leaf curl, «fec. In the case of these pests, " prevention better than 

 cure " is the invariable rule ; and to delay beyond the correct period 

 the application of the necessary sprays is to court disaster. For black 

 spot of the apple and pear, the spraying should be performed as soon 

 as the earliest flowers are opening. For shothole and scab the time 

 to spray is before the flower petals expand ; and the spraying may be 

 repeated, if necessary, after the fruit has set. 



For rust and leaf curl the spray should be applied before any sign 

 of the trouble appears on the foliage ; thus, if the fungus were present 

 during the previous season, it will be necessary to spray early to combat 

 it successfully. 



The basis of all the successful fungicides is sulphate of copper or 

 bluestone. Bordeaux mixture (a mixture of bluestone, lime, and 

 water, known as the 6.4.40 formula), is used; the materials and quan- 

 tities being 6 lbs. bluestone, 4 lbs. lime, and 40 gallons water. 



Another spray, and in some locations equally successful in its re- 

 sults as the Bordeaux mixture, is the copper-soda spray, the propor- 

 tions being 6 lbs. bluestone, 8 lbs. washing soda, and 40 gallons of 

 water. In each case the materials should be separately dissolved, and 

 then evenly and simultaneously mixed in a third vessel. 



The excellent results attained at the Drouin experiments, as detailed 

 by Messrs. Laidlaw and Brittlebank, in their black spot experiments, 

 show that black spot of apple may be readily combated. A full report 

 appeared in the Journal for last month, and this should be studied by 

 tho.se who intend spraying for black spot. 



REMINDERS FOR OCTOBER. 



Live Stock. 



Cattle. — Except on rare occasions, rugs may now be used on cows at night 

 only. Continue giving hay or straw, if possible, to counteract the effect of green 

 grass. Be prepared for milk fever. Read article in Y ear-Book of Agriculture, 

 1905, page 314. Give calves a dry shed and a good grass run. Continue 

 giving milk at blood heat to calves. Be careful to keep utensils clean, or 

 diarrhoea will result. Do not give too much milk at a time for the same reason. 

 Feed regularly with regard to quantity and time. Give a cup of limewater in the 

 milk to each calf, also place crushed oats or lucerne hay in a trough so that they 

 CRP eat at will. 



Sow maize for summer feeding and ensilage, also Japanese millet for grazing 

 during dry summer months. Mow surplus grass for hay. If cut when the grass 



