10 Oct., 1918.] Copper Fungicides for Vine Diseases. 599 



smooth cream with a weak solution of glue — ^ oz. to a gallon of water — 

 which is then added to the spray mixture. In the case of Bordeaux 

 with Casein, it is quite easy to incorporate the sulphur with the casein 

 solution with the assistance of the egg-beater as described above. 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 



The following is simpler than the Galloway (American) method. Provided 

 stirring be veiy thorough at each addition of lime, and after final dilution, an 

 equally good spray mixture will result. The present method is to be preferred 

 if the lime be not of first class quality: — 



Materials. — Copper sulphate, 10 lbs.; fresh quicklime, 5 lbs. (about); water, 

 50 gallons. If the lime is of poor quality, or air-slaked, more than 5 lbs. will 

 be required; if pvire and fresh, less will suflBce. 



Utensils. — A 60-gallon hogshead with one head removed (pegs should be in- 

 serted inside to show the 10 and 50 gallon levels) ; two or three kerosene tins 

 for boiling water in; a tub or tin to slake the lime — ^capacity about 10 gallons; 

 an earthenware jug or jar — capacity 1 gallon; a dipper — enamelled or painted 

 in-side and out; a fine sieve; some phenolphthalein testing paper (this can be 

 obtained from any chemist; it consists of strips of white filter paper wetted 

 with a 5 per cent, solution of phenolphthalein in methylated spirit and allowed 

 to dry) ; a stirring device, such as a stout broom handle, to which is fixed a 

 small piece of board. 



Operations., — Dissolve the copper sulphate in 5 gallons or so of hot water; 

 make up to 10 gallons with cold water. A stock solution of copper sulphate 

 ( 1 lb. to 1 gallon of water ) may be made up. This will keep indefinitely. Ten 

 gallons of this stock solution should be taken for each cask of mixture. Remove 

 1 gallon of this solution in the earthenware jug or jar, and place it to one side. 

 Add about 20 gallons of water to the copper sulphate solution in the cask (this 

 need not be measured ) . Slake the quicklime by adding small quantities of water 

 at a time. When slaked, add water sufficient to make about 6 or 8 gallons of 

 milk of lime Pour this lime milk through the sieve into the bulk copper 

 sulphate solution, with brisk stirring until neutralized. Neutralization is 

 shown Ijy the phenolphthalein paper turning pink. Stop adding lime milk as 

 soon as the test paper turns faintly pink. (The test paper can with advantage 

 be pinned to a small stick to avoid touching with fingers wetted with lime 

 water, which would result in misleading indications). Add 1 gallon of copper 

 sulphate to the solution previously withdrawn. Stir thoroughly. The more 

 thorough the stirring the better the mixture. Make up to 50 gallons -with 

 water, and stir again. The mixture is now ready for use. It should be used 

 fresh, only sufficient for the day's requirements being made up at one time. 



Copper sulphate solution must not be handled in iron or tin vessels unless 

 these have been very thoroughly painted or tarred both inside and out; wood 

 or enamel vessels are to be preferred. 



High-grade quicklime is now obtainable, packed in airtight tins. With this 

 weighing may be resorted to — 2i lbs. will completely neutralize the 10 lbs. 

 copper sulphate required for 50 gallons of spray mixture. 



" Bordeaux with Casein.- — The " wetting " or spreading power of the mixture 

 can with advantage be thus increased. 5 ozs. casein will suffice for 50 gallons 

 of spray, which must be sufficiently alkaline to redden phenolphthalein paper. 

 If this does not occur add more lime. 5 ozs. casein mixed as described above 

 is sufficient for 50 gallons of Bordeaux. 



