8 Jan.. 1908.] 



Diseases of Farm Animals. 



^3 



the history of the case points to broken liack an opinion should never be 

 formed without first examining the urine. In broken back it should be 

 normal but in other cases in which there is hind paralysis, e.g., azoturea — 

 it will be coffee-coloured or otherwise abnormal. 



Broken Ribs. — This is a common accident the fracture being sustained 

 from a collision, fall or blow. Some times a dozen ribs or more mav be 

 fractured without permanent damage, other than unsightliness, being in- 

 flicted. Recovery usually takes place quickly. Sometimes the injurv is 

 accompanied by hcemorrhage from the lungs through the broken end of a 

 rib penetrating into the lungs. Penetration of the skin is less frequent. 



8. Fracture of first rib. Common metho 



When the first rib is fractured (see Fig. 8) as the result of a sudden 

 forward plunge or jerk against the collar great lameness is evidenced. It 

 is often mistaken for shoulder lameness from fracture, but can be dis- 

 tinguished from it by the fact that crepitation can be recognised only when 

 the limb is pulled in an outward direction or pushed inwards across its 

 fellow and not when pulled backward or forward. 



Fig. 9. Fracture of the point of the elbow (right side) the fracture 

 penetrating to the elbow joint. (After Dollar.) 



Broken Elbow. — The point of the elbow (olecranon) is occasionally 

 broken in horses; and although retpair may take place permanent lameness 

 frequently remains on account of the surface of the joint being involved 

 (see Fig.' 9). 



{To be coiiti lined.) 



