8 June, 1908.] 



Recjiisiiiiitioii in Europe. 



355 



distinct methods. The first, known as Espiga, is none other than the 

 ordinary cleft, early spring graft, more or less modified, according to rhe 

 views of the vineyard proprietor. Frequently the scion is cut to a 

 shouldered wedge. I was rather astonished to see them prepared with an 

 ordinary knife and not with a special machine. The fact that the sections 

 are not plane surfaces does not seem to lead to the unsatisfactory results 

 one might expect. The advantages of the shouldered cleft are twofold : 

 the sections of the cambium layer are straight lines instead of curved ones ; 

 this enables their being placed in contact with those of the stock along 

 a greater length. Then, again, the wedge being narrower, the sides of 

 the cleft are not separated so widely as to leave a gap below the end of 

 the scion as is apt to happen with ordinary cleft grafting if the scions are 

 strong. The scion is usually cut in such a way that the apex of the wedge 

 shall be rather to one side of the axis of the canej in this way it consists 

 of solid wood and is to one side of the pith. See Figure A in the accom- 

 panying diagram. Both the ordinary cleft and the shouldered wedge 

 graft seem to give good results — each system has its partisans. As in 

 Portugal, the time for grafting is earlier than that usually recommended. 

 February (August, in Australia) is looked upon as the best month, but 

 much grnfting is done in January. 



GRAFTING METHODS. 



A. Lower portion of scion cut for Esfiga graft. 



B. and C. Removal of bud for Yema graft. 



D. Stock ready to receive bud of Yema graft. 



E. Yema graft completed and ready for binding with raffia. 



The second method is known as Yeina. It is a summer bud graft 

 and was quite new to me both as regards method and season for execution. 

 It is a true graft and not a form of budding in the sense in which we 

 usually understand it, for the bud is removed together with a fair sized 

 fragment of the already woody shoot of the current year's growth. The 

 stock is prepared to receive it by the removal of a similar shaped piece of 



