S July, 1908.] Raising an Export Apple Orchard. 



395 



its velocity is diminished, and it frequently overflows in its course. Now 

 the sap circulation can be controlled in the same manner. Sap circulates 

 with varying velocity, being rapid in young and sluggish in old trees. 

 Young trees, therefore, require a more spreading design in order to retard 

 sap movement, while old trees require the contrary. 



Sap movement can be retarded by giving it a more or less tortuous 

 passage. On referring to illustrations 3 and 4, it will be seen that the 

 leader, a, is growing upright, and vigorously in consequence. Its direction 

 is changed at a, where the sap is compelled to stop, as the piece, a b, is 

 much smaller, and is incapable of receiving the volume of sap that arrives 

 at a. The sap is thus dammed back, and nourishes and develops buds 

 below this point, or produces laterals that can be manipulated so as to 



■il--*;22*^-->.V'-^ 



7 A.\L> S. JONATHAN APPLE, 6 YEARS OLD, LM'KlMiL) AND I'KLNEU. 

 Frame of tree completely formed. 



produce fruit. By thus twisting or deviating the course of the sap from the 

 straight rushes in a zig-zag manner it can be made to nourish buds where 

 they are most required. Growers often follow, year after year, the strong 

 leading growth in the same direction, and have as a result abnormally tall 

 trees, and fruitless for years. 



Do not forget that if your trees are making too strong a growth, change 

 the direction of the leaders and thereby compel the sap to move more 

 slowly, but great care should be taken not to torture the leaders by deviat- 

 ing them too much from their natural habits. Rapid sap circulation causes 

 wood growth, and slow circulation tends for fruit 



Treatment of Laterals. 

 Jonathan and Rome Beauty are prone to throw out numerous light 

 lateral growths, and the grower' must be careful of the treatment of these. 

 Near the base of these laterals there are blind " eyes," and if the pruner 

 cuts back to one of these the remaining portion dies right back to the 

 leader. 



