464 Journal of Agriculture. [10 Aug., 1908. 



give much milk) ; broad forehead and great width between the eyes, the 

 Jorehead being slightly dished. The latter characteristic is an indication 

 of intelligence and adaptability to learn quickly — animals of this type 

 are appreciative of kindness shown to them ; full headed cows, and cows 

 with Roman noses, are mostly aggressive and wild to handle. The head 

 should be carried at a pose, slightly higher than the level of the wither. 

 Cows that carry their heads low are generally of a restive and stubborn 

 disposition ; on the other hand when carried too high it is a pretty sure 

 sign of nervousness. 



The eve should be large, bright, and docile, yet with a peculiar 

 placidness and quietness of expression. A cow with such an eye can 

 generally be relied upon to ha\e a good disposition. She does not be- 

 come excited and rush about on the first indication of anything unusual 

 happening about the milking yard ; she takes things quietly and 

 leisurelv, which is conducive to a full and persistent flow of milk. 

 Slow movement of the ears and body can also be taken as an indication 

 of tractability and slowness to be roused. Oo the other hand, cows 

 with eyes too large and open are generally found to be excitable and of 

 a nervous disposition and the same may be expected of the quick flashing 

 eyes. 



Too little significance is often placed upon the absolute importance of 

 the disposition of the cow to be purchased and it often happens that 

 although she may be possessed of alllhe outward essential poifits required, 

 this necessary qualification is lackinig and she is found to be restive, 

 emotional, and excitable and a bad doer. The lining of the ear, the skin 

 surrounding the udder, inside the thighs, around the eyes, and at the root 

 of the tail .should be distinctly golden or deep yellow in colour. 



The muzzle should be broad ; a large feeder is usually posses.sed of 

 strong organs of mastication. 



Body. — The shoulder should !)e lean, razor-like and slanting in appear- 

 ance. While the heavy milker is light and narrow through the shoulder, im- 

 mediately at the back of it there should be a quick broadening out in the 

 region of the heart, so as to gi\'e free and ample room for expansion of 

 heart and lungs. The large roomy chest and barrel disclo.se the capacity 

 for health) action of heart and lungs and digesting large quantities of 

 l(X>d. The neck should be fine, slim, and clean ; deep' and thickening 

 towards the shoulder, with well cut up throat. The absence of thicken- 

 ing around the neck and heaviness in the fore quarters, gives a feminine 

 appearance to the animal, and points to the development of maternal 

 instincts. 



The legs should be short, straight and fine, because the leggy animal 

 very often spends too much time and energy in travelling about and 

 jumping fences. Fineness of bone is also an indication of femininity and 

 economy of production. 



The skin should be mellow and elastic to the touch. The soft skin, 

 its fineness and pliant nature, are indications of a healthy secretion. 

 Coarse hair suggests ill-breeding and absence of high milking qualities ; 

 the skin should be yellow, loose, of medium thickness, with a vellow 

 secretion. 



The body should l:>e deep from the middle of the spinal column to 

 the navel, with great breadth of body through the middle from side to 

 side. Cows thati are so shaped are capable of storing large quantities 

 of food. The ribs should be broad and well sprung and the stomach 

 large and roomy. The backbone should lie strong and rugged, 



