April, '21] herrick: CODLING MOTH 159 



My real query is, are we now making the most rational recommenda- 

 tions for the most effective control of the codling moth? 



References 

 1913 WooDWORTH, C. W.— Calif. Expt. Stat., Circ. 101. 



1916 Pettey, F. W. — Union of South Africa, Dept. Agr. Science, Bull. No. 9. 

 1920 Childs. Leroy— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 13, p. 331. 

 1920 Strickl.\nd, L. F.—The Cornell Countryman, Vol. XVII (April) p. 395. 



Mr. R. W. Braucher: I can answer some of these queries partially 

 from the experience that I have had in studying the codling moth in 

 Michigan from 19US to 191U and inNewYork State from 1911 to 1913. In 

 regard to the variation in the opening and closing of the calyx, I have 

 observed a decided variation from season to season. In New York in 

 1912 we had some cold weather that retarded blossoming for several 

 days followed by warm weather. The blossoms began to open on Fri- 

 day, by Sunday they were in full bloom and the petals starting to fall. 

 By Thursday the calyx on some of the Baldwins was closed tight and 

 most of them too far closed for successful spraying. Some were even 

 closed too much for successful spraying by Monday evening or Tuesday. 

 In 1913 we had warm weather until the apple trees started to blossom 

 when it turned cold with freezing weather. This season the calyx was 

 open and in good condition for spraying for nearly a month . A crop was 

 secured in spite of this unfavorable weather. Similar cases were ob- 

 served in Michigan. At Lincoln, Illinois, in 1919 we had a hard freeze 

 during the blossoming period with the temperature at 23 and 24 degrees 

 two successive nights as recorded by a government maximum and 

 minimtmi thermometer. This also retarded the closing of the calyx 

 for two to three weeks but did not kill the fruit in healthy, sprayed 

 orchards. The spring had been dry up to the time of the freeze. 



In regard to side worms I have also noted marked variations. In 

 Michigan in 1910 we had a very early spring with freezes during the 

 blossoming period, resulting in the slow closing of the calyx and a short 

 crop. Side worms were unusually abundant. The result of the spray- 

 ing experiments carried on that year were very interesting but have not 

 been published. These results convinced me that, under certain 

 conditions at least, if the calyx is thoroughly filled with spray many of 

 the codling moth larvae will enter the calyx but will leave it and enter 

 the side of the apple. 



Mr. a. L. Melander: In deaUng with the codling moth in the 

 Pacific Northwest, we are emphasizing spraying for the first brood. 

 The fruit grower who can give one or two or three thorough applications for 

 the first brood usually has no fear whatever of side-entering worms. There 



