August, '21] ' frost: late apple feeders 325 



fifty per cent of the leaf -roller injury to picked fruit are of the late type. 

 The majority of these injuries occur two or three weeks prior to pick- 

 ing time. The larvae have been found abundant and feeding vora- 

 ciously at picking time. 



These late feeding larvae have not, in the past, been generally con- 

 sidered as a class by themselves. In Pennsylvania they form an im- 

 portant and conspicuous group contaiaing many injurious species 

 whose seasonal activities overlap to some extent with the early feeders. 

 The Bud moths, for example, feed early in the spring as well as late in 

 the fall. The same is true of the Leaf-rollers. We have found, how- 

 ever, that although the species overlap, the types of injiuries are dis- 

 tinct. The scars produced early in the rummer heal over and at pi 3k 

 ing time appear as russety spots or cavities. The late injuries, how- 

 ever, remain fresh and do not become russety or even calloused. 



The late feeding larvae may be divided into three general classes, 

 namely; the Leaf -rollers, Bud-m.oths and Codlin moth together with 

 other similar feeders. The former produce large and sometimes deep 

 ca\aties while the second class usually make small cavities or blemishes 

 on the surface. The Codlin moth, as is well known, may cause side 

 injury or burrow into the center of the fruit. A particular type of in- 

 jury frequently spoken of as "Pin-Hole Injtiry" may be caused by Bud- 

 moths, Case bearers or other small feeders. 



The research thus far carried on has revealed many of the species 

 responsible for the late summer injuries to the fruit of apples. Among 

 the Leaf roller group which have been found in Southern Pennsylvania, 

 can be named the Oblique Banded Leaf -roller {Archips rosaceana Har- 

 ris), a new injurious species, the Red Banded Leaf -roller (Eulia velut- 

 inana Walk.) and another new apple pest (Amorbia humerosana Clem.) 

 The Oblique Banded Leaf roller is neither abimdant nor a serious pest 

 with us. The Fruit Tree Leaf-roller has not been found in the Southern 

 part of the State. On the other hand the Red Banded Leaf -roller (Eul 

 ia velutinana Walk.) is exceedingly abundant and injtirious and causes 

 most of the late injury noticed in our region. The larva of this species 

 is entirely green in color and resembles (Eulia quadrijasciana Femald), 

 which has been reported from apples in New York State. A recent 

 survey of the State of Pennsylvania reveals the fact that Stenoma al- 

 gidella Walk, is common and widely distributed. 



There are two Bud-moths which are responsible for the late scars 

 and blemishes produced on the fruit, The Eye spotted Bud-moth ( Tme- 

 tocera ocellana Schiff) and a new injurious species, Sparganothis idae- 



