December, '21] sherman: canker-worm enemies 479 



Birds 



A total of 3:i species of birds were recorded in or near the infested 

 area, — of these the following highh' insectivorous Passerine birds were 

 observed so commonly in the area that they could fairly be presumed to 

 be of material help : — 



The variety and nmnber of insectivorous birds appeared to increase in 

 the worm area, but the concentration was not so pronounced as one 

 might expect, — evidently there was much insect food outside the area. 

 The above 15 are selected from the total of 53 species. Among the 

 others were many which probabhv' do feed on canker-worms. (The 

 list included Pileated Woodpecker and Brown Creeper, among others). 



Predaceous Insects 



Calosoma frigidtim Kirby. (Coleop. Carab.). Despite much collect- 

 ing in mountains we had not before taken this species in the state, 

 yet it was found to be common in the worm area, was not found outside 

 of the area, and did become increasingly conspicuous. They were often 

 seen climbing among the twigs and foliage of infested trees, not only on 

 cloudy days, but on clear days as well, — this was especially so when the 

 worms becam.e less numerous by reason of maturity. This s]3ecies 

 easily takes first rank among the insect predators observed, and in 

 aggregate helpfulness was second only (if second) to the egg-parasite 

 mentioned later. Its general distribution is northerly. 



Calosoma scrutator Say. Found only the remains of one dead si^eci- 

 men. 



Podisus modestus Dall. (Hemip. Pentatom.). This northerly bug 

 takes second rank among the predators, — it was common, or rather, 

 abundant, — and specimens were often seen with worms impaled on their 

 beaks. It is widely distributed through our mountains. 



fjygtts sp. (Hemip. Capsid.). One or m.ore species of these were 

 abundant, and several were seen with worms impaled on their beaks. 



Ants, (2 sizes, black). Twice seen dragging worms. 



Panorpa sp. (Neurop.). Several species were abundant, one was 

 seen devouring a worm. 



