Sorae Observations on the Genus Kubas. 1 7;> 



often feto and minute prickles, small hares avd a small, simple inflorescence. 

 Such /orms are often more or less sterile and are generally wanting in glan- 

 dides. Damp, rieh soil produces thick, angular turiones, mani/ stipitate glan- 

 dtdes, also many prickles, and a Compound, many-ßowered inflorescence. The 

 internal connection Lettvecn the other local conditions and the changes in the 

 exteriör organisation is not always to be scen, hut the fact of such a connection 

 is nevertheless very probable. 



It can not be my intention to assert that the real power for the outward 

 changes in plants should be the external conditions. Such changes must quite 

 depend on the internal inclination of the plant itself to vary (page 8 — 9). But 

 it is the outward circumstances that give the internal creative dispositions their 

 fixed direction. 



It is, in particular, the numerous forms of R. corylifolius growing on the 

 Scandinavian peninsula, whose exteriör shows the influence of outward circum- 

 stances. The subspecies * maximus (page 83 — 87) and *maritimus (page 

 88), also the variety perraixtus of R. *nemoralis (pages 83 and 84), bear 

 evident traces of the influence of the maritime climate. The varieties of the 

 Beries Homacanthi of K. * nemoralis, more particularly the variety acumina- 

 tus (page G7), have arisen in a poor, dry and stony soil, while R. *Wahl- 

 bergii (page (17) has derived its pecularities from the damp and fruitful soil 

 in which it grows. Also R. horridus (page 124) and scanicus (page 131), 

 as well as R. polyanthemos (page 137), bear evident traces of the influence 

 of outward circumstances in their organisation. This is also the case with the 

 var. grandifolius of R. nitidus (page 162). R. relatus which I presume 

 has been developed from K. fruticoeus, has without doubt arisen on sterile, 

 stony places that are sheltered from the wind, and iniich exposed to the sun. 



Again, several changes in brambles are on the contrary to be ascribed to 

 local conditions, whose influence on the plants it would now, at least, be diffi- 

 cult to explain. That is, for instance, the case with the var. subvelutinus 

 of R. thyrsoideus (page 1 .">0). It grows upon a somewhat diffeiently consti- 

 tuted locality than the typical species, and the changes which it has under- 

 gone, are without doubt to be ascribed to the influence of the locality. 



The fact that a parent species can grow together with the new forms, it 

 has produced. in no way confutes my opinion as to the influence of outward 

 circumstances in the creation of forms. For as regards the fact itself, it holds 

 good only of the less remarkable modifications, (hal R. corylifolius produced 



Lnnda Univ. Årsskrift. Tom. XXII. 23 



