112 Agriculture of Durliam. 



"Out Fell" was open to liim if he possessed an adventurous 

 spirit; but the " Out Fell " was the " unsettled territory " in 

 those days, into which iew would venture their cattle for fear of 

 the " inroads of the Scots." 



Implements. — There is not much to notice in regard to the 

 implements in use in this county, because, so far as I know, we 

 have nothing but what is already well known, from being in 

 ■common use throughout the kingdom. I may say, however, that 

 under this head also considerable improvements are taking place 

 in the county, Tlie implements, which at one time used to be 

 of the plainest and roughest class, are beginning to assume a 

 different character, and those of modern invention or improve- 

 ment are getting into use. The ordinary swing ploughs are in 

 use, and seldom those with wheels. The ordinary rollers, made 

 of wood and stone, are made heavy and invariably drawn by a 

 pair of horses. Crosskill's clod-crusher is used and much 

 approved. If it could be manufactured at a smaller price than 

 16/. to 20Z. it would be a great benefit to the small farmers of 

 this county. The ordinary teethed-harrows are used, and the 

 improved grubbers and scarifiers have been introduced, though 

 not brought into general use. Turnip and other drills have long 

 been in ordinary use. There are few farms in the county remain- 

 in"- without a threshing-machine: the most of them are worked 

 by horses, but in a few cases steam-power has been introduced. 

 The carts are generally of light and improved construction. We 

 do not see one of the heavy waggons here which are in use in 

 more southern counties. The small implements are just as in 

 other places, and it would not be necessary to refer more par- 

 ticularly to implements, machines, or utensils of the most modern 

 invention, such as chaff cutters, turnip sheers, linseed and chaff 

 steamers, weighing machines, &c. &c., which have not come 

 into cominon use, but which have all been introduced into the 

 county by a few of our improving farmers. 



Charges upon the Farms : Tithes. — I cannot give any correct 

 idea of the tithes without more research than I can spare time 

 for, and more space than it would be desirable to give in this 

 report, they vary so much throughout the county. In some 

 parishes or townships all kinds of tithe had been paid ; in others, 

 corn-tithe ; in others, no corn-tithe but hay ; in some, moduses : 

 in others, small tithes only ; so that there was no sort of regu- 

 larity throughout the county. The operations of the Tithe 

 Commutation Act were carried out in 297 townships or districts 

 within the county, and generally with great satisfaction. The 

 rent-charges were, upon the whole, settled with the best feeling 

 between tithe-owner and land-owner, there being little or no dis- 

 pute in all cases as to the amount of tithes paid during the seven 



